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Table 2 Binary logistic regression models investigating perceived relative cost of beverages with sugar in four countries

From: Tax awareness and perceived cost of sugar-sweetened beverages in four countries between 2017 and 2019: findings from the international food policy study

 

Australia (N = 11,588)

Mexico (N = 11,610)

UK (N = 12,945)

US (N = 12,781)

 

‘A little more / A lot more’ a

‘A little more / A lot more’

‘A little more / A lot more’

‘A little more / A lot more’

 

Adjusted Prevalence

OR (99% CI)

Adjusted Prevalence

OR (99% CI)

Adjusted Prevalence

OR (99% CI)

Adjusted Prevalence

OR (99% CI)

Year b

 2017

32.7%

[ref]

 

[ref]

22.7%

[ref]

22.4%

[ref]

 2018

32.1%

0.97 (0.81, 1.16)

 

1.41 (1.22, 1.63)*

54.9%

4.15 (3.56, 4.83)*

30.0%

1.48 (1.24, 1.77)*

 2019

31.0%

0.92 (0.78, 1.10)

 

1.40 (1.22, 1.62)*

59.5%

5.00 (4.26, 5.88)*

30.9%

1.55 (1.29, 1.86)*

Age

 18–29 years

47.3%

[ref]

 

[ref]

62.0%

[ref]

40.1%

[ref]

 30–44 years

39.8%

0.74 (0.61, 0.89)*

 

0.79 (0.70, 0.90)*

55.7%

0.77 (0.65, 0.92)*

39.1%

0.96 (0.80, 1.15)

 45–64 years

24.0%

0.35 (0.29, 0.43)*

 

0.47 (0.40, 0.55)*

39.4%

0.40 (0.34, 0.47)*

21.9%

0.42 (0.34, 0.51)*

 ≥ 65 years

20.4%

0.29 (0.21, 0.38)*

 

0.41 (0.25, 0.68)*

24.2%

0.20 (0.16, 0.24)*

14.8%

0.26 (0.19, 0.35)*

Sex

 Female

28.8%

0.75 (0.65, 0.86)*

 

0.83 (0.74, 0.93)*

43.9%

0.94 (0.83, 1.06)

25.1%

0.77 (0.67, 0.90)*

 Male

35.2%

[ref]

 

[ref]

45.5%

[ref]

30.3%

[ref]

Ethnicity c

 Majority group

25.5%

0.54 (0.45, 0.64)*

 

0.57 (0.48, 0.67)*

42.3%

0.83 (0.66, 1.03)

20.6%

0.46 (0.39, 0.54)*

 Minority group

39.0%

[ref]

 

[ref]

47.1%

[ref]

35.9%

[ref]

Education level d

 Low

33.2%

1.16 (0.96, 1.40)

 

1.04 (0.89, 1.21)

47.3%

1.24 (1.08, 1.42)*

29.0%

1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

 Medium

32.7%

1.13 (0.95, 1.35)

 

1.19 (0.98, 1.43)

44.7%

1.11 (0.97, 1.27)

26.7%

0.97 (0.79, 1.19)

 High

29.9%

[ref]

 

[ref]

42.1%

[ref]

27.2%

[ref]

Income adequacy e

 High

30.3%

0.86 (0.73, 1.01)

 

1.01 (0.89, 1.14)

43.0%

0.87 (0.75, 1.00)

25.9%

0.84 (0.71, 1.00)

 Low

33.6%

[ref]

 

[ref]

46.4%

[ref]

29.3%

[ref]

SSB healthfulness perceptions f

 Healthy

44.6%

2.94 (2.28, 3.80)*

 

1.23 (1.05, 1.44)*

49.3%

1.45 (1.12, 1.86)*

36.6%

2.30 (1.87, 2.82)*

 Unhealthy

21.5%

[ref]

 

[ref]

40.2%

[ref]

20.1%

[ref]

  1. Results from binary logistic regression models investigating correlates of participants perceiving beverages with sugar to cost ‘a little more’ or ‘a lot more’ versus ‘no different’ than beverages without sugar in Australia, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States
  2. UK, United Kingdom; US, United States; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SSB, sugar sweetened beverage
  3. *Significantly different (compared to reference group) at p < .01
  4. a Participants responding ‘Yes – a little more / Yes – a lot more’ versus ‘No change / Don’t know’ when asked, “Do drinks with sugar (e.g., Coke) cost more than drinks without sugar (e.g., Diet Coke) in [country]?”
  5. b Results for all year comparisons are provided in Additional file 4
  6. c Ethnicity categories as per census questions asked in each country: 1) Australia majority = only speaks English at home, minority = speaks a language besides English at home; 2) Canada majority = White, minority = other ethnicity; 3) Mexico majority = Non-indigenous, minority = indigenous; 4) United Kingdom majority = White, minority = other ethnicity; 5) US majority = White, minority = other ethnicity
  7. d Participants were asked, “What is the highest level of formal education that you have completed?” Responses were categorized as ‘low’ (completed secondary school or less), ‘medium’ (some post-secondary qualifications), or ‘high’ (university degree or higher) according to country-specific criteria
  8. e Participants were asked, “Thinking about your total monthly income, how difficult or easy is it for you to make ends meet?”, with response options ‘Very easy’, ‘Easy’ and ‘Neither easy nor difficult’ categorized as “High”, and ‘Difficult’ and ‘Very difficult’ categorized as “Low”
  9. f Participants were shown a 500 mL bottle of regular soda and asked, “In your opinion, how unhealthy or healthy is this type of drink?”, with response options ‘Very healthy’, ‘Healthy’, ‘A little healthy’ and ‘Neither healthy nor unhealthy’ categorized as “Healthy”, and ‘A little unhealthy’, ‘Unhealthy’ and ‘Very unhealthy’ categorized as “Unhealthy”
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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