Table 1 Summary information on included studies
Study | Country and sample | Sample characteristics | Child or adult sample | Study design information | Number of participants | Meals/foods ED manipulated for all meals/foods? | ED conditions | ED manipulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bell, 1998 [40] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 23 kg/m2 SE = 0.4 Gender: 18F | Adult M = 26 yrs. SE = 1.4 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 2 days | N = 18 | No: Lunch entrée, dinner entrée, evening snack only | Lower ED 0.8 kcal/g Medium ED 1.1 kcal/g Higher ED 1.3 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Bell, 2001 [41] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 28 kg/m2 SE = 0.6 Gender: 36F | Adult M = 26 yrs. SE = 1.8 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 36 | No: Breakfast entrée, lunch entrée, evening snack only | Lower ED 1.26–1.31 kcal/g Higher ED 1.79–1.81 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Blatt, 2011 [42] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 24 kg/m2 SE = 0.7 Gender: 20 M, 21F | Adult M = 24 yrs. SE = 1.1 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 41 | No: Breakfast entrée, lunch entrees, dinner entrée only | Lower ED 1.99 kcal/g Medium ED 2.25 kcal/ Higher ED 2.64 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Blatt, 2012 [43] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 24 kg/m2 SE = 0.6 Gender: 28 M, 40F | Adult M = 27 yrs. SE = 1.1 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 68 | No: Breakfast entrée, lunch entrees, dinner entrée only | Lower ED 1 kcal/g Higher ED 1.6 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Buckland, 2018 [44] | UK Participants in weight loss trial | BMI: M = 34 kg/m2 SD = 3.7 Gender: 77F | Adult M = 41 yrs. SD = 12.3 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 77 | Yes | Lower ED 0.8 kcal/g Higher ED 2.5 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Caputo, 1992 [45] | US Healthy/normal weight sample | BMI: M = N/R SD = N/R Gender: 8 M, 8F | Adult M = 26 yrs. SD = 8 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 5 days | N = 8 | No: Lunch only | Lower ED 0.45 kcal/g 1.19 kcal/g Higher ED 1.2 kcal/g 3.9 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Devitt, 2004 [46] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 25 SD = 4.3 Gender: 11 M, 9F | Adult M = 23 yrs. SD = 5.8 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 20 | Yes | Lower ED 1.49 kcal/g Higher ED 2.6 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Duncan, 1983 [47] | US Sample N/R | BMI: M = N/R SD = N/R Gender: 10 M, 10F | Adult M = 34 yrs. SD = N/R | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 5 days | N = 20 | Yes | Lower ED 0.7 kcal/g Higher ED 1.5 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Foltin,1990 [48] | US Sample N/R | BMI: M = N/R SD = N/R Gender: 6 M | Adult M = 28 yrs. SE = 3.1 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 3 days | N = 6 | No: Lunch only | Lower ED 0.4 kcal/g Higher ED 0.8–0.9 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Gray, 2002 [49] | England University students and staff | BMI: M = 23 kg/m2 SE = 0.7 Gender: 20 M | Adult M = 24 yrs. SE = 1.1 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 20 | No: Starter (preload) at lunch only | Lower ED 0.33 kcal/g Higher ED 1 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Kral, 2002 [50] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 22 kg/m2 SE = 1.5 Gender: 40F | Adult M = 21 yrs. SE = 2.9 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 40 | No: Breakfast entrée, lunch entrée and dinner entree only | Lower ED 1.25 kcal/g Medium ED 1.5 kcal/g Higher ED 1.75 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Kral, 2004 [51] | US University students and local community | BMI: M = 24 kg/m2 SE = 0.4 Gender: 39F | Adult M = 23 yrs. SE = 1.0 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 39 | No: Lunch entrée only | Lower ED 1.25 kcal/g Higher ED 1.75 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Kral, 2020 [52] | US Local community | BMI percentiles ranging from 43 to 95 kg/m2: M = 43, 56 & 95 m2 SD = 22.6, 22.1 & 4.1 Gender: 29 M, 46F | Children M = 8 yrs. SD = 0.8 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 75 | No: Breakfast only | Lower ED 1 kcal/g Higher ED 1.6 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Leahy, 2008 [20] | US Pre-school children at university day care centre | BMI percentile ranging from 44 to 99: M = 71 kg/m2 SE = 3.1 Gender: 10 M, 16F | Children M = 4 yrs. SE = 0.1 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 2 day | N = 26 | No: Breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack only | Lower ED 0.91 kcal/g Higher ED 1.23 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Mazlan, 2006 [53] | Scotland Local community | BMI: M = 23 kg/m2 SD = 2.0 Gender: 16 M | Adult M = 29 yrs. SD = 8.6 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 16 | No: Breakfast, dessert snack only | Lower ED 0.96 kcal/g Higher ED 1.94 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
McCrickerd, 2017 [54] | Singapore University students and staff | BMI: M = 22 kg/m2 SD = 3 Gender: 30 M, 31F | Adult M = 25 yrs. SD = 4.4 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 62 | No: Breakfast, only | Lower ED 0.57 kcal/g Higher ED 1.01 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Miller, 1998 [55] | US University students, staff and local community | BMI: M = 20–26 kg/m2 SE = 0.9–2.3 Gender: 51 M, 44F | Adult M = 20–26 yrs. SE = 0.6–2.2 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 10 days | N = 95 | No: Snack food only | Lower ED 2.53 kcal/g Higher ED 5.47 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Pritchard, 2014 [56] | UK University students, staff and local community | BMI: M = 24 kg/m2 SD = 3.3 Gender: 10 M, 23F | Adult M = 47 yrs. SD = 18 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 33 | No: Lunch only | Lower ED 1 kcal/g Higher ED 1.4 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Rolls, 2006 [57] | US Local community | BMI: M = 23 kg/m2 SE = 0.6 Gender: 24F | Adult M = 22 yrs. SE = 0.7 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 2 days | N = 24 | Yes | Lower ED 1.61 kcal/g Higher ED 2.11 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Shide, 1995 [58] | US Local community | BMI: M = 21 kg/m2 SE = 0.6 Gender: 48F | Adult M = 26 yrs. SE = 1.2 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 48 | No: Lunch food only | Lower ED 0.46 kcal/g Higher ED 1.02 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Silver, 2008 [59] | US Adults aged over 60 in care setting | BMI: M = 24 kg/m2 SE = 7.0 Gender: 14 M, 31F | Adult M = 84 yrs. SE = 1.0 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 45 | No: Lunch only | Lower ED 1.1 kcal/g Higher ED 2.2 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Smethers, 2019 [60] | US Children in childcare centre | BMI percentile ranging from 9 to 100: M = 60 kg/m2 SD = 25.1 Gender: 26 M, 23F | Children M = 4.3 yrs. SD = 0.7 | Within-subjects Self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 5 days | N = 49 | No: Breakfast, lunch entrée, dinner entrée and afternoon snack only | Lower ED 1.47 kcal/g Medium ED 1.82 kcal/ Higher ED 2.19 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Spill, 2011 [61] | US Children in day care centre | BMI percentile ranging from 13 to 99: M = 57 kg/m2 SE = 6.6 Gender: 18 M, 21F | Children M = 4.7 yrs. SE = 0.2 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 41 | No: Breakfast entrée, lunch entrees, dinner entrée, evening snack only only | Lower ED 1.46 kcal/g Medium ED 1.56 kcal/ Higher ED 1.95 kcal/g | Nutritional composition N/R |
Stubbs, 1995a [18] | UK Local community | BMI: M = N/R SD = N/R Gender: 6 M | Adults M = 42 yrs. SD = 10.6 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 7 days | N = 6 | Yes | Lower ED 1.15 kcal/g Medium ED 1.34 kcal/ Higher ED 1.68 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Stubbs, 1995b [17] | UK Local community | BMI: M = N/R SD = N/R Gender: 7 M | Adults M = 37 yrs. SD = 7.6 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 14 days | N = 7 | Yes | Lower ED 1.15 kcal/g Medium ED 1.34 kcal/ Higher ED 1.68 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Stubbs, 1998a [15] | UK Local community | BMI: M = 22 kg/m2 SE = 2.6 Gender: 6 M | Adults M = 30 yrs. SE = 12.8 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 14 days | N = 6 | Yes | Lower ED 0.89 kcal/g Medium ED 1.31 kcal/ Higher ED 1.76 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Stubbs, 1998b [16] | UK Local community | BMI: M = 22 kg/m2 SD = 2.8 Gender: 6 M | Adults M = 32 yrs. SD = 5.3 | Within-subjects Participant self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 14 days | N = 6 | Yes | Lower ED 0.85 kcal/g Higher ED 1.50 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched |
Tey, 2016 [62] | Singapore University campus | BMI: M = 22 kg/m2 SD = 1.6 Gender: 27 M | Adults M = 26 yrs. SD = 2.9 | Within-subjects Participant self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 27 | No: Lunch only | Very low ED 0.27 kcal/g Low ED 0.48 kcal/g Medium ED 0.95 kcal/g High ED 1.37 kcal/g Very high ED 1.81 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Tey, 2018 [63] | Singapore University campus | BMI: M = 22 kg/m2 SD = 1.8 Gender: 32 M | Adults M = 29 yrs. SD = 7.5 | Within-subjects Participant self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 32 | No: Lunch food only | Lower ED 0.11–0.13 kcal/g Higher ED 0.49–0.5 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Westerstep, 1997 [64] | Netherlands University campus and local community | BMI: M = 22–27 kg/m2 SD = 6.4–7.1 Gender: 36F | Adults M = 21–33 yrs. SD = 0.7–9.5 | Within-subjects Participant self-reported and researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 36 | No: Breakfast food and lunch only | Lower ED 1.21 kcal/g Higher ED 1.78 kcal/g | Nutritional composition not matched |
Williams, 2013 [19] | US University campus and local community | BMI: M = 23 kg/m2 SE = 0.6 Gender: 30 M, 29F | Adults M = 26 yrs. SE = 1.0 | Within-subjects Researcher measured EI EI measured for 1 day | N = 59 | No: Breakfast entrée, lunch entrée, dinner entrée only | Lower ED 1.44 kcal/g Higher ED 1.8 kcal/g | Nutritional composition matched for one comparison (water content manipulation), not matched for other comparisons (e.g. fat content manipulation) |