Table 2 Active recreation leverage points mapped to the Action Scales Model

Beliefs

Deeply held beliefs, norms, attitudes and values of the individuals and organisations within the system. They are the foundations that cause the system to keep functioning as it does, and are reflected in the system goals.

Individual: Negative psychological factors (e.g., perceived self-worth and competence)

Social environment: Peer support and modelling (e.g., family psycho-social setting)

Goals

Goals, targets or ambitions that the system is working to achieve. Goals often drive the system to be structured as it is and therefore to work as it does.

Local government, education, sport and health: Childcare educators promote and engage in physical activity (e.g. interventions delivered by teachers linked to increased physical activity)

Individual: Mental and physical health (e.g., sleep and diet facilitate play and activity)

Individual: Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) (e.g., improvements in FMS can increase activity)

Individual: Independent mobility (e.g., ability to engage in free-range activities without parental supervision)

Social environment: Neighbourhood social interactions and modelling (e.g., lack of children in neighbourhoods)

Structures

Underlying structures and patterns that cause the events to occur. This includes the organisation of the system; the structures, information flows, processes and relationships between parts of the system.

^bBuilt and natural environment (e.g., changes to playgrounds, urban design)

Social environment: Neighbourhood safety (e.g., traffic density)

Events

Issues (behaviours and outcomes) that can be observed around us, and are symptoms of which arise from the system functioning as designed

Individual: Time outdoors (e.g., interventions located outdoors led to increases in physical activity)

Individual level: Time outdoors (e.g., daily exposure to greenspace)