Table 1 Univariate statistics for variables of interest

Age at Baseline, years (M, SD)

458

30.46 (4.74)

Week of Gestation at Baseline (M, SD)

458

9.82 (1.75)

Smoking Status (n, %)

291

 Smoker During Pregnancy

7 (2.4%)

 Former Smoker

51 (17.5%)

 Never Smoker

233 (80.1%)

Alcohol Use During Pregnancy (n, %)

290

 No

164 (56.6%)

 Yes

126 (43.5%)

Low-Intensity Physical Activity, times/week (M, SD)

294

3.81 (4.19)

Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity, times/week (M, SD)

294

1.07 (2.00)

Income-Poverty Ratio (M, SD)

364

3.84 (1.97)

Total Energy Intake During Pregnancy, kcal/day (M, SD)

365

2017.46 (678.74)

%Energy Intake from Ultra-Processed Food During Pregnancy (M, SD)

365

52.58 (15.12)

Total Energy Intake During Postpartum, kcal/day (M, SD)

266

1980.22 (655.07)

%Energy Intake from Ultra-Processed Food During Postpartum (M, SD)

266

50.57 (16.62)

Early Pregnancy BMI, kg/m² (M, SD)

458

27.19 (6.94)

Gestational Weight Gain (n, %)

367

 Inadequate

70 (19.1%)

 Adequate

124 (33.8%)

 Excessive

173 (47.1%)

Gestational Fat Gain, kg (M, SD)

355

0.48 (3.46)

%Gestational Weight Gain Retained (M, SD)

285

3.56 (51.82)

Postpartum Weight Change, kg (M, SD)

293

0.78 (5.37)

HDL During Second Trimester, mg/dL (M, SD)

360

73.43 (14.55)

LDL During Second Trimester, mg/dL (M, SD)

360

125.33 (34.65)

Triglycerides During Second Trimester, mg/dL (M, SD)

360

133.64 (64.04)

Glucose During Second Trimester, mg/dL (M, SD)

360

79.49 (10.05)

Insulin During Second Trimester, pmol/L (M, SD)

359

79.41 (108.29)

C-peptide During Second Trimester, nmol/L (M, SD)

360

0.66 (0.43)

IL-6 During Third Trimester, pg/mL (M, SD)

350

0.59 (1.02)

TNF-a During Third Trimester, pg/mL (M, SD)

350

5.81 (1.84)

CRP During Third Trimester, mg/L (M, SD)

350

5.11 (4.30)

 At birth

331

-0.44 (1.51)

 At 2 months

331

-0.40 (1.52)

 At 6 months

293

-0.06 (1.15)

 At 1 year

298

0.30 (0.97)