Table 2 Associations between built environment and gentrification variables and physical activity, by city^a

Can-ALE (quintiles)

1.18 (1.13–1.23)

1.3 (1.15–1.47)

1.15 (1.11–1.19)

1.34 (1.29–1.39)

Gentrification (Ding)

  High SES

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  Low SES

0.89 (0.84–0.95)

0.44 (0.38–0.51)

1.15 (1.08–1.22)

0.8 (0.75–0.86)

  Gentrified

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

1.03 (0.87–1.21)

1.15 (1.09–1.22)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

Urban Compactness

0.66 (0.63–0.7)

0.79 (0.66–0.96)

0.51 (0.48–0.55)

0.56 (0.51–0.61)

Proximity (quintiles):

  Employment

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

0.82 (0.71–0.95)

0.9 (0.86–0.93)

0.81 (0.76–0.85)

  Pharmacy

1.15 (1.11–1.19)

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

1.2 (1.16–1.24)

  Childcare

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

1.09 (1.01–1.17)

0.83 (0.81–0.86)

0.88 (0.85–0.9)

  Health

0.98 (0.96–1.01)

0.74 (0.67–0.83)

1.14 (1.1–1.19)

0.97 (0.93–1)

  Grocery

0.93 (0.9–0.95)

0.79 (0.74–0.84)

1.07 (1.04–1.1)

1.06 (1.03–1.08)

  Primary education

0.9 (0.88–0.92)

0.72 (0.68–0.76)

0.93 (0.9–0.95)

1.1 (1.07–1.12)

  Secondary education

0.95 (0.93–0.96)

0.91 (0.86–0.95)

0.92 (0.89–0.94)

0.83 (0.82–0.85)

  Library

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

1.15 (1.09–1.21)

1.12 (1.1–1.14)

1.08 (1.06–1.1)

  Transit

0.89 (0.87–0.92)

1 (0.92–1.08)

0.85 (0.83–0.88)

0.93 (0.9–0.96)

  Parks

1.07 (1.05–1.09)

1.29 (1.22–1.36)

1.12 (1.1–1.15)

0.96 (0.94–0.98)

Gender

  Woman

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  Man

1.06 (0.85–1.33)

0.87 (0.61–1.25)

0.7 (0.56–0.88)

1.01 (0.83–1.22)

  Non-binary

0.73 (0.28–1.87)

15.12 (3.51–65.14)

1.88 (0.95–3.73)

Income groups

  < $50,000

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  $50,000-$99,999

0.94 (0.68–1.31)

1.1 (0.72–1.68)

0.74 (0.53–1.03)

0.77 (0.58–1.01)

  $100,000 + 

0.86 (0.63–1.16)

1.56 (1.08–2.26)

0.73 (0.54–0.99)

0.68 (0.52–0.89)

Race

  White

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

  Visible minority or Indigenous

1.03 (0.67–1.58)

0.75 (0.5–1.14)

0.96 (0.71–1.29)

0.94 (0.67–1.32)

Age

1.04 (0.89–1.22)

1.06 (0.82–1.36)

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

Home DA

34.38 (31.26–37.8)

27.32 (21.88–34.1)

38.36 (34.44–42.72)

33.78 (30.85–36.99)

Weekend

0.95 (0.91–0.99)

1.07 (0.97–1.17)

1.04 (1–1.09)

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

Precipitation (mm)

1 (0.99–1)

0.97 (0.93–1.02)

1 (0.99–1.01)

1 (1–1.01)

Temperature (C)

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

1 (0.99–1.01)

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)