Association of physical activity with utilization of long-term care in community-dwelling older adults in Germany: results from the population-based KORA-Age observational study

Table 2 Association of physical activity with utilization of long-term care – GEE logistic model

	Main analysis: LTC vs. no LTC in all observations^a			Sensitivity analysis: LTC vs. no LTC in observations without disability^b
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value
Physical activity (ref.: no physical activity)^c
Walking only	0.73	[0.56; 0.95]	0.0208	0.78	[0.51; 1.19]	0.2463
Exercise only	0.56	[0.38; 0.81]	0.0022	0.55	[0.31; 0.98]	0.0417
Walking + exercise	0.52	[0.39; 0.70]	< 0.0001	0.44	[0.29; 0.66]	0.0001
Adjusted for:
Sex (ref.: male)	1.41	[1.12; 1.76]	0.0031	1.49	[1.08; 2.06]	0.0157
Age in years	1.04	[1.03; 1.06]	< 0.0001	1.07	[1.04; 1.10]	< 0.0001
Education in years	1.05	[1.00; 1.09]	0.0296	1.08	[1.02; 1.13]	0.0063
Living arrangement (ref: not alone)	1.56	[1.26; 1.93]	< 0.0001	1.80	[1.32; 2.45]	0.0002
Income (ref: sufficient)	1.16	[0.91; 1.49]	0.2375	1.26	[0.87; 1.82]	0.2280
BMI	0.98	[0.96; 1.00]	0.0666	0.98	[0.95; 1.02]	0.3883
Falls (ref.: no falls/unknown)	1.46	[1.14; 1.89]	0.0031	1.99	[1.38; 2.89]	0.0003
Multimorbidity in no. of chronic conditions	1.30	[1.22; 1.39]	< 0.0001	1.46	[1.32; 1.61]	< 0.0001
Disability score (HAQ-DI)	8.60	[6.85; 10.78]	< 0.0001	/	/	/

GEE Generalized estimating equation | LTC Long-term care | HAQ-DI Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index
Bold numbers: significant at p ≤ 0.05
Sample for generalized estimating equation (n = 4812): sum of t₁ (n = 800) and t₂ sample (n = 4012)
^a Model includes all observations (n = 4812); observations stratified by either utilization of long-term care (n = 950) or no long-term care (n = 3862)
^b Model includes all observations without disability (HAQ-DI < 0.5) (n = 3504); observations stratified by either utilization of long-term care (n = 244) or no long-term care (n = 3260)
^c Categories of physical activity defined as: “no physical activity” = “no or low walking (≤15 mins/weekday)” + “no or low exercise” (see Additional file 1 for more information) | “walking only” = “high or moderate walking (>15mins/weekday)” + “no or low exercise” | “exercise only” = “high or moderate exercise” + “no or low walking (≤15 mins/weekday)” | “walking+exercise” = “high or moderate walking (>15mins/weekday)” + “high or moderate exercise”

ISSN: 1479-5868