Association of physical activity with utilization of long-term care in community-dwelling older adults in Germany: results from the population-based KORA-Age observational study

Table 4 Association of physical activity with utilization of long-term care in males – GEE logistic model

	Main analysis: LTC vs. no LTC in all observations^a			Sensitivity analysis: LTC vs. no LTC in observations without disability^b
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value
Physical activity (ref.: no physical activity)^c
Walking only	0.76	[0.50; 1.15]	0.1930	0.49	[0.27; 0.86]	0.0140
Exercise only	0.52	[0.30; 0.93]	0.0274	0.34	[0.15; 0.77]	0.0098
Walking + exercise	0.41	[0.26; 0.65]	0.0002	0.19	[0.10; 0.35]	< 0.0001
Adjusted for:
Age in years	1.04	[1.01; 1.07]	0.0033	1.06	[1.02; 1.10]	0.0026
Education in years	1.06	[1.00; 1.12]	0.0611	1.08	[1.00; 1.16]	0.0390
Living arrangements (ref: not alone)	2.64	[1.88; 3.72]	< 0.0001	2.55	[1.57; 4.06]	0.0001
Income (ref: sufficient)	1.24	[0.83; 1.85]	0.2852	1.41	[0.79; 2.51]	0.2414
BMI	0.96	[0.92; 1.00]	0.0458	0.96	[0.90; 1.02]	0.1847
Falls (ref.: no falls/unknown)	1.42	[0.94; 2.16]	0.0961	1.77	[0.94; 3.33]	0.0761
Multimorbidity in no. of chronic conditions	1.38	[1.24; 1.53]	< 0.0001	1.52	[1.32; 1.75]	< 0.0001
Disability score (HAQ-DI)	7.78	[5.53; 10.94]	< 0.0001	/	/	/

GEE Generalized estimating equation | LTC Long-term care | HAQ-DI Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index
Bold numbers: significant at p ≤ 0.05
Sample for generalized estimating equation (n = 2313): sum of t₁ (n = 405) and t₂ sample (n = 1908)
^a Model includes all observations (n = 2313); observations stratified by either utilization of long-term care (n = 345) or no long-term care (n = 1968)
^b Model includes all observations without disability (HAQ-DI < 0.5) (n = 1835); observations stratified by either utilization of long-term care (n = 108) or no long-term care (n = 1727)
^c Categories of physical activity defined as: “no physical activity” = “no or low walking (≤15 mins/weekday)” + “no or low exercise” (see Additional file 1 for more information) | “walking only” = “high or moderate walking (>15mins/weekday)” + “no or low exercise” | “exercise only” = “high or moderate exercise” + “no or low walking (≤15 mins/weekday)” | “walking+exercise” = “high or moderate walking (>15mins/weekday)” + “high or moderate exercise”

ISSN: 1479-5868