Association of physical activity with utilization of long-term care in community-dwelling older adults in Germany: results from the population-based KORA-Age observational study

Table 7 Association of physical activity with utilization of long-term care excluding observations with missing values in subdomains – GEE logistic model

	Main analysis: LTC vs. no LTC in all observations^a			Sensitivity analysis: LTC vs. no LTC in observations without disability^b
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value
Physical activity (ref.: no physical activity)
Walking only	0.72	[0.55; 0.94]	0.0173	0.78	[0.51; 1.19]	0.2488
Exercise only	0.56	[0.38; 0.81]	0.0021	0.55	[0.31; 0.98]	0.0417
Walking + exercise	0.52	[0.39; 0.69]	<0.0001	0.44	[0.29; 0.66]	0.0001
Adjusted for:
Sex (ref.: male)	1.40	[1.11; 1.75]	0.0039	1.49	[1.08; 2.06]	0.0154
Age in years	1.04	[1.03; 1.06]	<0.0001	1.07	[1.04; 1.10]	<0.0001
Education in years	1.05	[1.00; 1.09]	0.0312	1.08	[1.02; 1.13]	0.0063
Living arrangement (ref: not alone)	1.56	[1.26; 1.93]	<0.0001	1.79	[1.32; 2.44]	0.0002
Income (ref: sufficient)	1.16	[0.90; 1.49]	0.2466	1.26	[0.87; 1.82]	0.2287
BMI	0.98	[0.96; 1.00]	0.0622	0.98	[0.95; 1.02]	0.3854
Falls (ref.: no falls/unknown)	1.47	[1.14; 1.89]	0.0027	1.99	[1.37; 2.89]	0.0003
Multimorbidity in no. of chronic conditions	1.30	[1.21; 1.39]	<0.0001	1.46	[1.32; 1.61]	<0.0001
Disability score (HAQ-DI)	8.53	[6.79; 10.71]	<0.0001	/	/	/

Bold numbers: significant at p ≤ 0.05
Sample for generalized estimating equation (n = 4799): sum of t₁ (n = 798) and t₂ sample (n = 4001)
GEE generalized estimating equation, LTC long-term care, HAQ-DI, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index
^a Model includes all observations (n = 4799); observations stratified by either utilization of long-term care (n = 940) or no long-term care (n = 3859)
^b Model includes all observations without disability (HAQ-DI <0.5) (n = 3503); observations stratified by either utilization of long-term care (n = 244) or no long-term care (n = 3259)
^c Categories of physical activity defined as:
“no physical activity” = “no or low walking (≤15 mins/weekday)” + “no or low exercise” (see Additional file 1 for more information)
“walking only” = “high or moderate walking (>15mins/weekday)” + “no or low exercise”
“exercise only” = “high or moderate exercise” + “no or low walking (≤15 mins/weekday)”
“walking+exercise” = “high or moderate walking (>15mins/weekday)” + “high or moderate exercise”

ISSN: 1479-5868