Association of Changes of lifestyle behaviors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic with mental health: a longitudinal study in children and adolescents

Table 1 Sample Characteristics according to physical activity or screen time level at the first survey (n = 2423)

	Overall	Physical activity		P value	Leisure screen time		P value
	Overall	Active^a	Inactive	P value	Short^b	Long	P value
Students (n)	2423	2270	153		2247	176
Gender
Girls	48.8	48.4	54.2	0.162	48.5	52.3	0.336
Boys	51.2	51·6	45·8	0.162	51·5	47·7	0.336
Grade
1–3	23.6	23·4	26·8	0.475	24·8	8·0	<.001
4–6	35.4	35·7	31·4		35·8	30·1
7–9	41.0	40·9	41·8		39·3	61·9
Educational attainment
Father
Middle school or below	7.4	7·6	4·8	0.360	7·0	12·7	0.009
High school	82.8	82·6	86·4		82·8	82·5
University/College	7.4	7·6	5·4		7·8	3·0
Master or higher	2.4	2·3	3·4		2·4	1·8
Mother
Middle school or below	9.8	10·0	6·8	0.624	9·4	15·7	0.028
High school	84.3	84·1	87·8		84·6	81·3
University/College	4.2	4·2	4·1		4·4	1·8
Master or higher	1.7	1·7	1·4		1·7	1·2
Family income (CNY)
< 100,000	12.0	11·9	13·6	0.758	11·5	18·7	0.016
100,000 to 200,000	29.4	29·4	29·3		29·4	30·1
> 200,000 to 400,000	33.3	33·2	34·7		33·4	31·3
> 400,000	16.3	16·3	16·3		16·9	9·6
No answer	9.0	9·2	6·1		8·9	10·2
Psychological problems
Depression	15.6	15·7	15·0	0.830	14·8	26·1	<.001
Anxiety	47.6	47·0	57·5	0.011	46·6	60·8	<.001

Data are shown as % unless otherwise specified
There were missing data for Grade (n = 1), Educational attainment (n = 121), and Family income (n = 121), they were excluded from the calculation of each proportion
^a Inactive was defined as no moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (0 min per week), whereas active was defined as some moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (> 0 min per week)
^b Short time was defined as ≤2 hours per day whereas long time was defined as > 2 hours per day

ISSN: 1479-5868