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Table 5 Residualized course grades change from Grade 4 to Grade 5 fall (T3) predicted by Grade 4 mean (T1 and T2) daily MVPA, adjusted resultsa

From: The longitudinal association between objectively-measured school-day physical activity and academic achievement in US elementary school students

Academic outcome

Coefficient (SE)

Standardized Effect Size

p-value

Grade 5 Fall (T3) Course Grades

 Math

−0.011 (0.017)

− 0.008

0.503

 Reading

−0.025 (0.014)

−0.023

0.082

 Spelling

−0.002 (0.018)

−0.002

0.901

 Writing

−0.034 (0.014)

−0.035

0.018

  1. aModels adjusted for student sex, race/ethnicity, FRL status, English Language Learner status, student with disabilities status, Grade 4% of days absent, Grade 4% of days tardy, departmentalization, special education course enrollment, school percentage female, school percentage black, school percentage Hispanic, school percentage FRL, school cohort (intervention or control), and prior achievement for the specific academic outcome (e.g., when assessing math grade as outcome, used Grade 4 mean math grade). No coefficients were statistically significant after comparing to a Bonferroni adjusted p-critical of 0.00271