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Table 7 Grade 4 mean (T1 and T2) daily MVPA and Grade 4 academic achievement, adjusted resultsa

From: The longitudinal association between objectively-measured school-day physical activity and academic achievement in US elementary school students

Academic outcome

Coefficient

Standardized Effect Size

p-value

Grade 4 Year (Mean T1 and T2) Course Grades

 Math

  15 < MVPA < 30

− 0.176

− 0.016

0.596

  MVPA > 30

−1.011

− 0.093

0.042

 Reading

  15 < MVPA < 30

− 0.284

− 0.030

0.270

  MVPA > 30

−0.979

− 0.102

0.018

 Spelling

  15 < MVPA < 30

− 0.385

− 0.046

0.315

  MVPA > 30

−1.308

− 0.158

0.515

 Writing

  15 < MVPA < 30

− 0.365

− 0.037

0.172

  MVPA > 30

−1.326

− 0.134

0.003

Grade 4 (T2) Standardized Test Scores

 Math

  15 < MVPA < 30

−3.446

− 0.064

0.005

  MVPA > 30

−5.790

− 0.108

0.004

 English Language Arts

  15 < MVPA < 30

−1.204

−0.022

0.050

  MVPA > 30

−4.062

−0.073

0.029

 Lexile

  15 < MVPA < 30

−2.205

−0.010

0.039

  MVPA > 30

−10.177

−0.046

0.029

  1. aModels adjusted for student sex, race/ethnicity, FRL status, English Language Learner status, student with disabilities status, Grade 4% of days absent, Grade 4% of days tardy, departmentalization, special education course enrollment, school percentage female, school percentage black, school percentage Hispanic, school percentage FRL, school cohort (intervention or control), and prior achievement for the specific academic outcome (e.g., when assessing math grade as outcome, used Grade 3 mean math grade). In bold are the p-values that were statistically significant after comparing to a Bonferroni adjusted p-critical of 0.00271