Prospective relations of maternal reward-related eating, pregnancy ultra-processed food intake and weight indicators, and feeding mode with infant appetitive traits

Table 3 Associations of infant slowness in eating and satiety responsiveness with income-poverty ratio, maternal reward-related eating, pregnancy ultra-processed food intake and weight indicators, and feeding mode

	Infant Slowness in Eating			Infant Satiety Responsiveness
Maternal Variables	B(SE)	p	ΔR²	B(SE)	p	ΔR²
Step 1			.02			.01
Income-poverty Ratio	0.13(0.07)	.054		-0.08(0.07)	.271
Step 2			.00			.04
Food Preoccupation and Responsiveness	-0.01(0.07)	.879		0.20(0.07)	.005
Reinforcing Value of Food	-0.06(0.07)	.402		-0.12(0.07)	.101
Step 3			.02			.02
%Energy Intake from UPF	-0.09(0.07)	.243		-0.16(0.07)	.031
Early Pregnancy BMI	0.03(0.08)	.718		-0.06(0.08)	.541
Excessive GWG^a	-0.23(0.15)	.118		0.02(0.14)	.892
Step 4			.00			.01
Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration	-0.07(0.07)	.346		-0.10(0.07)	.141

Linear regressions were conducted with independent variables entered as follows: Step 1 included household income-poverty ratio, Step 2 added maternal food preoccupation and responsiveness and maternal reinforcing value of food, Step 3 added maternal UPF intake (% of energy intake) during pregnancy, early pregnancy BMI, and GWG, and Step 4 added exclusive breastfeeding duration. ^aDummy coded (0 = Inadequate or adequate, 1 = Excessive). UPF Ultra-Processed Food, BMI Body Mass Index, GWG Gestational Weight Gain

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