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Table 3 Results of multiple mixed model regression analyses testing intervention effects for physical activity, diet, and health-related quality of life outcomes

From: Effects of a behavioral intervention on physical activity, diet, and health-related quality of life in pregnant women with elevated weight: results of the HIPP randomized controlled trial

  

Behavioral Intervention LSMs

Standard Care LSMs

Group x Time

Dependent Variable

Recs

Baseline

Late Pregnancy

Within Grp Diff

Baseline

Late Pregnancy

Within Grp Diff

Between Grp Diff

d

p

Total PA min/day

n/a

249.12

233.85

-15.27*

229.72

216.50

-13.22*

-2.05

-0.02

0.82

Light PA min/day

n/a

212.32

200.02

-12.30*

194.10

188.85

-5.25

-7.05

-0.09

0.42

Moderate PA min/day

n/a

36.51

34.08

-2.43

35.24

27.95

-7.29*

4.86

0.22

0.17

Sedentary min/day

n/a

1155.12

1170.06

14.94*

1175.14

1185.10

9.96

4.98

0.05

0.62

Steps/day

n/a

5375.08

4838.31

-536.77*

5002.12

4220.24

-781.88*

245.11

0.11

0.29

Diet quality (HEI-2015)

n/a

52.71

55.98

3.27*

50.78

52.71

1.93

1.34

0.11

0.51

Fruit, cup equiv/day

2.0

1.19

1.44

0.26

1.02

1.23

0.21

0.05

0.05

0.84

Vegetables, cup equiv/day

2.5

1.58

1.74

0.16

1.73

1.44

-0.29*

0.44

0.40

0.01

% whole grains

50

11.81

19.86

8.05*

11.61

11.06

-0.55

8.59

0.60

<0.01

Added sugar, % of kcals

10

12.22

11.54

-0.68

11.15

11.13

-0.02

-0.70

-0.09

0.54

Saturated fat, % of kcals

10

11.65

11.94

0.28

12.72

12.03

-0.69

0.97

0.33

0.08

HRQOL – mental component

n/a

50.81

52.65

1.84*

49.58

54.10

4.52*

-2.68

-0.31

0.03

HRQOL – physical component

n/a

47.45

41.33

-6.12*

47.15

39.06

-8.09*

1.97

0.28

0.15

  1. * p<.05 for within-group changes over time
  2. Recs = Recommended value based on Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025, based on a 2,000 kcal/d diet
  3. d = Effect size d = [(intervention 32 weeks LSM – intervention baseline LSM) – (standard care 32 weeks LSM – standard care baseline LSM)]/pooled and unadjusted baseline standard deviation. Effect sizes of d = |0.20| were considered small, d = |0.50| medium, and d = |0.80| large
  4. LSM least square means, PA physical activity, Equiv equivalents, HRQOL health-related quality of life
  5. The mixed multiple regression models (and LSMs) were adjusted for maternal age, gestational age at baseline, race (African American vs. white), parity (nulliparous vs. not), pre-pregnancy weight status (overweight vs obese), and educational attainment (college graduate vs. less education)
  6. Note: Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity and energy intake (kcals/day) were reported in an earlier paper [20] and thus are not included in this paper