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Table 5 Results for the effects of urban interventions on physical activity, as positive (↑), null (0) or negative (↓)

From: The impact of interventions in the built environment on physical activity levels: a systematic umbrella review

  

Usage

Combined PA

Active travel

Total amount & %

Park and playground interventions

1) Park renovations

[1]*2; [5]*3; [7]*4

[5]*5; [7]*2

 

↑ 16 (66.7%)

0

[2]*1

0

[5]*3; [7]*1

0

 

0 5 (20.8%)

[1]*1; [5]*1

[7]*1

 

↓ 3 (12.5%)

2) Playground renovations

 

 

 

0

 

0

[1]*1; [2]*1

0

 

0 2 (100%)

 

 

 

3) Park & playground renovations

[2]*2

[2]*1; [3]*6

 

↑ 9 (50%)

0

[1]*1 [2];*2

0

[1]*2; [2]*2; [3]*2

0

 

0 9 (50%)

 

 

 

4) Exercise equipment

 

[5]*2; [7]*2

[5]*1

↑ 5 (62.5%)

0

[2]*1

0

 

0

[5]*1

0 2 (25%)

[1]*1

 

 

↓ 1 (12.5%)

5) Introducing a new (pocket) park

[5]*1; [7]*2

[5]*1; [7]*3

 

↑ 7 (87.5%)

0

[2]*1

0

 

0

 

0 1 (12.5%)

 

 

 

6) Multi-component green initiatives

 

 

 

0

 

0

[2]*2

0

 

0 2 (100%)

 

 

 

Interventions aimed at walking and cycling

7) Improving walking environments

 

 

[1]*3

↑ 3 (50%)

0

 

0

[1]*1; [4]*1

0

[1]*1

0 3 (50%)

 

 

 

8) Improving cycling environments

[5]*3

[4]*4; [6]*3

[1]*1

↑ 11 (61.1%)

0

 

0

[4]*1; [5]*1 [6]*3

0

[1]*1

0 6 (33.3%)

 

 

[5]*1

↓ 1 (5.6%)

9) Improving walking & cycling environments

[5]*2; [7]*3

[4]*1; [5]*3 [6]*1; [7]*5

[5]*3

↑ 18 (69.2%)

0

 

0

[7]*5

0

[5]*1

0 6 (23.1%)

 

[7]*2

 

↓ 2 (7.7%)

10) Greenway & trail

 

[4]*1; [5]*2; [6]*2

[5]*1

↑ 6 (31.6%)

0

 

0

[2]*3; [4]*3; [5]*1 [6]*2

0

[1]*1; [2]*2; [5]*1

0 13 (68.4%)

 

 

 

11) Traffic free bridge

[4]*1

[5]*1

[5]*1

↑ 3 (50%)

0

 

0

[6]*3

0

 

0 3 (50%)

 

 

 

12) Improving infrastructure system

 

[3]*11; [6]*1

[3]*6

↑ 18 (50%)

0

 

0

[3]*9; [6]*3

0

[3]*4

0 16 (44.4%)

 

[3]*2

 

↓ 2 (5.6%)

13) Multi-component initiatives for active travel

 

[1]*1; [7]*1

[1]*4

↑ 6 (66.7%)

0

[5]*1

0

[7]*1

0

[1]*1

0 3 (33.3%)

 

 

 

Community-based interventions

14) Increase density

 

[3]*2; [5]*1

[3]*3; [5]*1

↑ 7 (38.9%)

0

 

0

[3]*7

0

[3]*3; [5]*1

0 11 (61.1%)

 

 

 

15) Availability & accessibility of destinations

 

[3]*7; [5]*2; [7]*7

[3]*8; [5]*4

↑ 28 (62.2%)

0

 

0

[3]*9; [7]*4

0

[3]*3

0 16 (35.6%)

 

[3]*1

 

↓ 1 (2.2%)

16) Street network initiatives

 

[3]*5; [5]*1; [7]*3

[3]*2; [5]*1

↑ 12 (41.4%)

0

 

0

[3]*8; [7]*3

0

[3]*3

0 14 (48.3%)

 

[3]*2; [7]*1

 

↓ 3 (10.3%)

  1. [x] refers to the article number as used in Table 2
  2. *x shows the number of BE changes in that article
  3. ↑: positive effect; 0: null effect; ↓: negative effect
  4. Total amount & %: the total amount is the summary of all the BE changes in that row, % shows the percentage of ↑/0/↓ for that intervention
  5. Combined PA includes physical activity, moderate to vigorous physical activity and leisure time physical activity