Table 1 Study characteristics
Study | Country | Population and sample size N = Total sample (N = sample of included conditions) | Study setting | Study design | Contextual information provided | Outcome measure (kcal or kJ) | SEP measure used | SEP cut off |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbonneau et al. (2015) [37] | Canada | N = 160 (N = 72) (No Label condition: Mean age = 42.6yrs, Label condition: Mean age = 37.7yrs) | Field setting (real-world) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kcal consumed | Highest educational qualification | High = Above A-Level Low = A-Level or below |
Krieger et al. (2013) [51] | US | N = 4087 (N = 4087) (Age: < 40yrs N = 2,189, \(\ge\) 40yrs N = 1,872) | Field setting (real-world) | Pre-post intervention design (BS) | Not reported | Mean kcal selected | Location of chain (census tracts) | High = High-income area Low = Low-income area |
Dodds et al. (2014) [52] | Australia | N = 329 (N = 217) (No label condition: Mean age = 40.2yrs, Label condition: Mean age = 38.9yrs) | Field setting (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kJ selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Degree or above Low = Below degree |
Antonelli & Viera (2015) [53] | US | N = 823 (N = 405) (No label condition: Mean age = 38yrs, Label condition: Mean age = 38yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | N | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Degree or above Low = Below degree |
Marty et al. (2020) [29] | UK | N = 1,743 (N = 893) (Study1: Mean age = 35.5yrs) (Study2: Mean age = 36.1yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Above A-level Low = A-level or below |
Marty et al. (2021a) [28] | UK | N = 1667 (N = 842) Mean age = 36.9yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Above A-level Low = A-level or below |
Marty et al. (2021b) [30] | US | N = 2091 (N = 1051) (Study1: Mean age = 35.3yrs) (Study2: Mean age = 44.9yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Above high school Low = High school or below |
Maynard et al. (2018) [54] | UK | N = 264 (N = 260) (No label condition: Mean age = 23yrs, label condition: Mean age = 22.8yrs, | Laboratory (real-world) | Randomised control trial (BS) | N | Mean percentage consumed | Highest educational qualification | High = Above A-level Low = A-level or below |
Al-Otaibi (2021) [55] | Saudi Arabia | N = 333 (No label condition: Mean age = 20.5yrs, Label condition: Mean age = 20.3yrs) | Field (hypothetical) | Control trial (BS) | N | Mean kcal selected | Household income | High = Higher monthly household income (> 5000Sr) Low = Lower monthly household income (< 5000Sr) |
Morley (2013) [56] | Australia | N = 1294 (N = 515) (No Label condition: 18-29yrs 25.1%, 30-39yrs 37.1%, 40-49yrs 37.8%; Label condition: 18-29yrs 22.7%, 30-39yrs 35.5%, 40-49yrs 41.8%) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kJ selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Tertiary education or above Low = Below tertiary education |
Walker et al. (2019) [57] | New Zealand | N = 615 (N = 524) (Mean age = 41.2yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | N | Mean number selected | Household income | High = Higher household income (> 60,000NZD) Low = Lower household income (≤ 60,000NZD) |
Dumanovsky et al. (2011) [58] | US | N = 15,789 (N = 9787) (Age: \(\le\) 34yrs N = 4083, > 34yrs N = 3965) (Pre condition data not reported) | Field setting (real-world) | Pre-post intervention design (BS) | Not reported | Mean kcal selected | Location of chain | High = Higher income area (< 25% households below poverty level) Low = Lower income area (> 45% below poverty level) |
Elbel et al. (2013) [59] | US | N = 1169 (1169) (Age: < 40 yrs N = 585, ≥ 40 yrs N = 584) | Field setting (real-world) | Pre-post intervention design (BS) | Not reported | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Above high school Low = High school or below |
Petimar et al. (2019) [31] | US | N = 49,062,440 (No. of transactions) (Age not reported) | Field setting (real-world) | Pre-post intervention design (BS) | Y | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Higher household income (> 50 329USD) Low = Lower household income (< 50 329USD) |
Masic et al. (2017) [32] | UK | N = 458 (N = 192) (No label condition: Mean age = 30.8 yrs, Label condition: Mean age = 28.45 yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | N | Mean kcal selected | Location of chain | High = Higher income area (5–4 IMD score) Low = Lower income area (1–3 IMD score) |
Van Epps et al. (2021) [60] | US | N = 2820 (N = 1881) (Mean age = 36.6 yrs) | Online (hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | N | Mean kcal selected | Household income | High = Higher household income (≥ 62,500$US) Low = Lower household income (< 37,500$US) |
Robertson & Lunn (2020) [34] | Ireland | N = 142 (N = 138) (No label condition: Mean age = 40.49 yrs, Label condition: Mean age = 39.28 yrs) | Laboratory setting (non-hypothetical) | Randomised control trial (BS) | Y | Mean kcal selected | Highest educational qualification | High = Degree or above Low = Below degree |