Table 3 Risk of bias assessment using The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool
Study | Confounding | Selection | Measurement of intervention | Missing data | Selection of the reported result | Measurement of outcomes | Reported result | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Braaksma et al. 2022 [28] | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious | Serious | Serious |
Lauglo et al. 2016 [29] | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious |
Leahy et al. 2021 [30] | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious |
Smati et al. 2022 [34] | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious | Serious | Serious |
Taylor et al. 2019 [36] | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
Torabi et al. 2018 [37] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Wymbs et al. 2021 [38] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
Zwinkels et al. 2018 [39] | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious |