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Table 2 Changes in children’s percent of energy from total sugars, saturated fats, and sodium after Chile’s LFLA implementation by eating location

From: Changes in children’s and adolescents’ dietary intake after the implementation of Chile’s law of food labeling, advertising and sales in schools: a longitudinal study

 

Adjusted models

Children (n = 349)

Unadjusted models

Children (n = 349)

Year

Baseline

(95% CI)

Year 1 of Policy

Absolute difference

(95% CI)

Year 2 of Policy

Absolute difference

(95% CI)

Year 3 of Policy

Absolute difference

(95% CI)

Baseline

(95% CI)

Year 1 of Policy

Absolute difference

(95% CI)

Year 2 of Policy

Absolute difference

(95% CI)

Year 3 of Policy

Absolute difference

(95% CI)

School

        

Total sugars (%)

27.2

(24.5, 29.9)

-0.6

(-4.3, 3.2)

-4.5*

(-8.0, -0.9)

-11.8*

(-15.4, -8.3)

27.2

(24.5, 29.9)

-0.8

(-4.4, 2.9)

-3.9*

(-7.3, -0.4)

-11.2*

(-14.7, -7.6)

Saturated fats (%)

5.5

(4.9, 6.2)

-0.0

(-0.9, 0.8)

0.5

(-0.4, 1.4)

-1.1*

(-1.9, -0.2)

5.5

(4.9, 6.2)

-0.1

(-0.9, 0.7)

0.6

(-0.3, 1.5)

-1.0*

(-1.9, -0.2)

Sodium (mg/100 kcal)

50.3

(44.8, 55.7)

6.2

(-1.9, 14.4)

6.6

(-2.4, 15.6)

-10.3*

(-18.1, -2.5)

50.3

(44.8, 55.7)

4.7

(-3.3, 12.8)

6.3

(-2.6, 15.2)

-10.9*

(-18.6, -3.3)

Home

        

Total sugars (%)

27.9

(26.7, 29.1)

-0.4

(-2.1, 1.3)

-2.3*

(-3.9, -0.6)

-4.5*

(-6.2, -2.8)

27.9

(26.7, 29.1)

-0.6

(-2.3, 1.2)

-2.2*

(-3.8, -0.5)

-3.7*

(-5.3, -2.0)

Saturated fats (%)

9.8

(9.3, 10.2)

0.0

(-0.6, 0.7)

0.0

(-0.6, 0.7)

0.1

(-0.6, 0.7)

9.8

(9.3, 10.2)

0.0

(-0.6, 0.6)

0.0

(-0.7, 0.7)

0.0

(-0.7, 0.7)

Sodium (mg/100 kcal)

127.2

(121.5, 132.8)

-8.1

(-18.0, 1.8)

-3.2

(-11.4, 4.8)

3.6

(-5.1, 12.4)

127.2

(121.5, 132.8)

-7.1

(-17.5, 3.2)

-3.1

(-11.0, 4.9)

1.3

(-7.6, 10.2)

Other

        

Total sugars (%)

10.5

(8.5, 12.6)

4.3*

(1.2, 7.4)

6.5*

(3.1, 9.8)

5.8*

(2.4, 9.2)

10.5

(8.5, 12.6)

4.4*

(1.3, 7.4)

6.3*

(3.0, 9.7)

5.9*

(2.6, 9.2)

Saturated fats (%)

3.6

(2.8, 4.3)

1.7*

(0.6, 2.8)

1.3*

(0.3, 2.4)

1.2*

(0.2, 2.2)

3.6

(2.8, 4.3)

1.7*

(0.6, 2.8)

1.2*

(0.2, 2.3)

1.1*

(0.1, 2.1)

Sodium (mg/100 kcal)

34.1

(27.0, 41.2)

16.4*

(5.5, 27.3)

19.7*

(8.7, 30.7)

20.8*

(9.7, 31.8)

34.1

(27.0, 41.2)

16.9*

(6.1, 27.7)

17.3*

(6.4, 28.3)

19.9*

(8.9, 30.9)

Overall

        

Total sugars (%)

28.4

(27.6, 29.3)

-0.9

(-2.1, 0.3)

-1.6*

(-2.7, -0.6)

-2.4*

(-3.6, -1.2)

28.4

(27.6, 29.3)

-1.1

(-2.2, 0.1)

-1.7*

(-2.8, -0.6)

-2.4*

(-3.6, -1.2)

Saturated fats (%)

9.8

(9.5, 10.1)

0.2

(-0.3, 0.7)

0.0

(-0.4, 0.5)

0.4

(-0.1, 0.9)

9.8

(9.5, 10.1)

0.3

(-0.2, 0.7)

0.0

(-0.4, 0.5)

0.4

(-0.1, 0.9)

Sodium (mg/100 kcal)

118.8

(114.5, 123.1)

-4.7

(-11.0, 1.6)

0.7

(-5.5, 6.9)

5.4

(-0.9, 11.6)

118.8

(114.5, 123.1)

-3.3

(-9.7, 3.1)

1.0

(-5.3, 7.3)

4.8

(-1.5, 11.2)

  1. Note: Absolute difference is the difference between each year’s mean consumption of nutrients of concern after policy compared to baseline. Estimates were derived from fixed-effects models comparing nutrient’s consumption in each year (2017, 2018 and 2019) to consumption at baseline (2016). Covariates in adjusted models include maternal education level, child’s BMI z-score and weekday. Data are from the Food Environment Chilean Cohort (FECHIC). For total sugars and saturated fats, we calculated the percentage of energy that each of these nutrients contributed to the total daily energy consumption at each eating location (home, school and other). For sodium, we estimated the intake of sodium (mg) per 100 kcal. Consumption includes weekends. *p < 0.005
  2. For school, home, and other locations analyses, we additionally controlled for other consumption locations (e.g., if outcome was sugars at school, we controlled for sugars at home and sugars at other locations). Weekday not included in school models because most of the school consumption is on weekdays (only two 24-hour dietary recalls from participants with all surveys were from weekends)
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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