ParticipACTION: Overview and introduction of baseline research on the "new" ParticipACTION

Background This paper provides a brief overview of the Canadian physical activity communications and social marketing organization "ParticipACTION"; introduces the "new" ParticipACTION; describes the research process leading to the collection of baseline data on the new ParticipACTION; and outlines the accompanying series of papers in the supplement presenting the detailed baseline data. Methods Information on ParticipACTION was gathered from close personal involvement with the organization, from interviews and meetings with key leaders of the organization, from published literature and from ParticipACTION archives. In 2001, after nearly 30 years of operation, ParticipACTION ceased operations because of inadequate funding. In February 2007 the organization was officially resurrected and the launch of the first mass media campaign of the "new" ParticipACTION occurred in October 2007. The six-year absence of ParticipACTION, or any equivalent substitute, provided a unique opportunity to examine the impact of a national physical activity social marketing organization on important individual and organizational level indicators of success. A rapid response research team was established in January 2007 to exploit this natural intervention research opportunity. Results The research team was successful in obtaining funding through the new Canadian Institutes of Health Research Intervention Research (Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention) Funding Program. Data were collected on individuals and organizations prior to the complete implementation of the first mass media campaign of the new ParticipACTION. Conclusion Rapid response research and funding mechanisms facilitated the collection of baseline information on the new ParticipACTION. These data will allow for comprehensive assessments of future initiatives of ParticipACTION.


Out with the old and in with the new
ParticipACTION was launched as a physical activity communications and social marketing organization in 1971 with financial support from the Government of Canada [1][2][3]. The organization was strategically established outside of government as a private, not-for-profit and charitable corporation, allowing the corporation to work closely with and support government priorities while operating as a "business" in a lean, efficient, flexible and responsive manner. The corporation was able to generate substantial support from many partners including corporate, media, professional, volunteer and community groups, plus other governments [1][2][3].
During its 30-year mandate, ParticipACTION became a catalyst for physical activity across Canada and was viewed internationally as an exemplar of a highly successful national physical activity social marketing organization, with many award winning campaigns (for campaign examples see [3]). A number of studies have examined the influence of ParticipACTION in Canada and have addressed many aspects of its legacy including: its influence on future initiatives [3]; its effect on the physical activity movement in Canada [4]; the people behind the movement [5]; key aspects of the program's success [6]; its social marketing approach [2]; and, the challenge of running such a program in two official languages [7]. Details of the structure, function and campaigns of the original ParticipACTION are available elsewhere [8]. ParticipAC-TION's campaigns and initiatives have been informed by different theoretical frameworks over the years (as theoretical frameworks emerged).
After 30 years of continuous service, ParticipACTION ceased operations in 2001 due to funding cuts [9]. Between 2001 and 2007 no alternate organization surfaced to provide coordinated, sustained national physical activity promotion campaigns or broader social marketing, though many organizations and initiatives launched campaigns of varying reach and sustainability. In February 2007, after a six-year absence, and informed by a federal government commissioned feasibility study, Sport Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada announced funding for the resurrection and revitalization of a "new" ParticipACTION. The mission of the new ParticipACTION is to provide leadership in collaborations and communications to foster the "movement" that inspires and supports Canadians to move more. To achieve this, ParticipACTION aspires to be a leading national catalyst for physical activity, engaging all Canadians in improving their health and the healthy nature of the communities in which they live, study, work and play, through physical activity and sport participation communications; encouraging and supporting the coordinated actions of many partner organizations; and contributing to community capacity building. The focus of the new ParticipACTION is not on physical activity program delivery, but rather social marketing, communications and partnership synergy [10]. The overall operation of the new ParticipACTION is guided by an ecological framework with individual campaigns informed by various frameworks and research suggesting promising practice.
During its first year of operations, ParticipACTION focused on developing and launching the first in a series of annual mass media campaigns. In subsequent years, it is planned to expand activities to include knowledge transfer; ongoing and coordinated communication; and supportive activities to increase the capacity of Canada's physical activity and sport delivery system, comprised of governmental and non-governmental organizations at the national and provincial/territorial level whose primary mandate is physical activity (for examples see http:// www.activeliving.ca and http://www.sportmatters.ca) or who have a key interest in physical activity promotion (e.g. Chronic Disease Prevention Alliance of Canada, http://www.cdpac.ca) as well as locally based alliances to increase physical activity (e.g. Saskatoon in Motion, http:/ /www.in-motion.ca). The mandate of the new ParticipAC-TION is contextualized within the broader Integrated Pan-Canadian Healthy Living Strategy [11] and the Pan-Canadian Physical Activity Strategy [12], each of which is yet to be resourced or implemented in a comprehensive fashion.
The new ParticipACTION's first mass media campaign was planned for an official launch in October 2007. Par-ticipACTION's campaign was designed to increase awareness of and create a sense of urgency about the low levels of physical activity among Canadian children. Four English and three French advertisements were developed to target parents of children 7-12 years. The advertising aired on a mix of conventional and specialty television broadcast channels from October 15, 2007 through March 31, 2008 and on radio from October 15 through December 31, 2007. Overall the advertisements were aired 8,963 times on television and 1,142 times on radio.
The six year hiatus in the operations of ParticipACTION provided an opportunity to assess a natural intervention (the re-emergence of the "new" ParticipACTION) by gathering individual-level data on awareness of the brand, campaign recall, knowledge, understanding and physical activity behaviours before and during the early period after the launch of the revitalized ParticipACTION. Baseline data were also collected at an organizational level to assess the future impact of a sustained campaign through ParticipACTION on the overall capacity of the physical activity sector in Canada.

Capitalizing on an opportunity
During early discussions of the possible resurrection of ParticipACTION the lead author of this paper (MST) was appointed to the new Board of ParticipACTION and its Executive Committee. This privileged position allowed MST to facilitate strategic research planning extraneous to the operations of the Board and Executive. At the same time (early December 2006), though serendipitous to this strategic research planning, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) announced a new strategic funding opportunity titled the "Intervention Research (Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention) Funding Program". This program was targeted towards funding research that examines "natural interventions" which are out of the control of researchers yet provide important, time-sensitive research opportunities. Accordingly, this funding opportunity did not follow the typical application and review process, allowing for applications to be submitted whenever the natural intervention opportunity presented itself (e.g. no fixed application date) and providing a thorough though expedited review process (for details on the funding program see http://www.research net-recherchenet.ca/rnr16/viewOpportunityDe tails.do?prog=399&view=search&terms=interven-tion+research&org=CIHR&type=AND&resultCount=25). The combination of early knowledge of this ensuing natural intervention and the announcement of the CIHR funding program created a perfect opportunity to collect important baseline data before the official resurrection of ParticipACTION.
On January 20, 2007 a "rapid response research team" (RRRT) was convened in Saskatoon, Canada to discuss the appropriateness and viability of research possibilities to assess and study the impact of the revitalization and relaunch of ParticipACTION in the form of a natural intervention. The research team represented a good balance of experience with ParticipACTION, intervention research and natural experiments, and physical activity monitoring and measurement. The opportunity to collect pre-resurrection, baseline data at both individual and organizational levels was time-limited and required immediate action that this team could act upon. The objectives of this initial meeting were to: • Take advantage of a natural experiment opportunity • Test the new CIHR funding mechanism/opportunity • Test the viability and responsiveness of the research community RRRT concept • Link previously unlinked researchers and create networking opportunities • Challenge ParticipACTION's commitment to research and evaluation • Exploit and advance the learnings from the "Canada on the Move" initiative [13] • Produce a letter of intent for the CIHR funding opportunity Two letters of intent were generated at this initial meeting of the RRRT. One proposal focused on individual level data and a second on organizational level capacity (described further below). The cascade of events related to the preparation and outcome of this meeting are summarized below. Six months passed between conception of the idea and full research funding being approved and within 13 months of the RRRT first meeting, the research data collection was complete. This very rapid sequence of events was necessary to collect baseline data before the first campaign of the "new" ParticipACTION was widely recognized.

A success story
The ParticipACTION proposals were the first to be reviewed through the new CIHR funding mechanism and although the process went reasonably smoothly (as indicated by the sequence of events summarized above) the CIHR made subsequent adaptations to the review procedures in an effort to further expedite the process. In summary, the new CIHR funding opportunity allowed for the successful completion of this research -an opportunity previously unavailable through traditional funding mechanisms in Canada. Both the CIHR and the RRRT benefited and learned from this novel funding mechanism. This is a good example of constructive and productive cooperation and collaboration between researchers and a research granting agency.

Overview of research and accompanying papers
To assess baseline awareness and understanding of Partic-ipACTION at an individual level, a population-based survey was conducted on a monthly basis over a period of six months from late August 2007 to February 2008. The survey consisted of a set of questions on the Physical Activity Monitor conducted by the Institute for Social Research at York University on behalf of the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute (CFLRI). The details of this project and the findings of the baseline data collection are described in the paper by Spence and colleagues [14].
The examination of population based physical activity campaigns has been limited with a focus on dissemination and accuracy, the behavioural effect of messages, and/or the recall of media items by the general public [15][16][17]. Less studied has been the impact such campaigns have on the broader organizational climate to mobilize and advocate for physical activity. The purpose of the organizational level research was to assess the baseline awareness of organizations regarding ParticipACTION, and their capacity to mobilize and advocate for physical activity. Using an internet-based survey instrument, provincial and national organizations from a range of sectors (e.g., sport, recreation, public health, education) provided responses for a quantitative assessment of organizational awareness of ParticipACTION and their capacity for physical activity promotion. The findings from the quantitative analysis of these data are presented in the paper by Plotnikoff et al. [18].
A sample of respondents from the quantitative survey [18] were contacted to particpate in a follow-up telephone interview to examine in more detail their organizational capacity for physical activity promotion, and the related barriers and facilitators, using qualitative research techniques. This rich baseline information on organizational capacity for physical activity promotion in a sample of Canadian organizations is summarized in the paper by Faulkner et al. [19].
An assessment of the inaugural mass communications campaign of the "new" ParticipACTION was completed using an internet-based survey conducted by Angus Reid Strategies. This survey evaluated awareness of ParticipAC-TION, its recent campaign and assessed the recall and interpretation of the campaign messaging in both the tar-get market (parents with children aged 7-12 years) and others. The findings from this campaign evaluation are presented in the paper by Craig and co-workers [20].
Finally, Bauman et al. [21] provide a summary and commentary on the empirical papers contained in this supplement. This final paper helps by placing this research within the context of international initiatives to develop, implement, and evaluate mass media campaigns to promote physical activity.

Conclusion
ParticipACTION has a distinguished history and can serve to inform future physical activity social marketing initiatives. The resurrection of ParticipACTION provided a unique research opportunity to establish baseline data to allow for future campaign assessments. A rapid response research team was established to exploit this opportunity and the new research funding opportunity of the CIHR allowed this opportunity to flourish. The findings from the baseline research are summarized in the papers that follow this brief introduction. This research provides a valuable platform for monitoring the future impact of ParticipACTION on the physical activity levels of Canadians. It is also hoped that this short series of papers informs the efforts of others attempting to assess the impact of physical activity communications and social marketing programs and campaigns elsewhere.