Table 2 Study Characteristics by Comparison Category

Feedback Versus No Feedback

Included Sample

Included Conditions

Study

Target Behavior(s)

Country

Characteristics

Age (M(SD))

% Female/ Women

Ethnicity

N

#

Description

Mode of Self-Monitoring

Duration

Blanson Henkemans et al., 2009 [40]

Weight, diet, physical activity

The Netherlands

Adults with overweight

43.24 (11.55)

82%

N/A

118

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

DieetInzicht website

4 weeks

Burke et al., 2017 [42]

Weight

USA

Adults with overweight/ obesity

44.85 (12.75)

87.18%

84.62% White

26

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

Study-designed app

12 weeks

Burke et al., 2022 [27]

Weight

USA

Adults with overweight/ obesity

45.0 (14.4)

79.50%

84.3% White

502

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

Study-designed app

6 months

Fanning et al., 2017 [51]

Physical activity

USA

Inactive middle-aged adults

41.38 (7.57)

80%

87% White

116

4

1) Goal-setting + Feedback points; 2) Goal setting only; 3) Feedback points only; 4) None

Actigraph accelerometer, study-designed app

12 weeks

Jauho et al., 2015 [24]

Physical activity, weight

Finland

Young men in the military

17.9 (0.7)

0%

N/A

276

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

Polar Active accelerometer

3 months

Lawrie et al., 2018 [45]

Physical activity

China

Adults wwith recent stroke

53 (12 vs. 62 (12)

23%

N/A

30

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

ZGPAX S8 Android™ smartwatch

21 days

Lukkahatai et al., 2021 [25]

Physical activity

Thailand

Adults with diabetes

56.5 (7.2)

70.20%

Thai heritage

76

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

Garmin Vivofit accelerometer

2 days

Paschali et al., 2005 [52]

Physical activity

USA

Adults with obesity & type 2 diabetes

48.8 (6.1) vs. 27.0 (7.2)

53%

N/A

30

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

BioTrainer accelerometer

3 months

Prestwich et al., 2016 [48]

Physical activity

UK

Inactive adults

23.81 (11.01)

 > 73.4% (Not reported: 11/124)

N/A

80

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

Actigraph accelerometer, study-designed website

2 weeks

Prestwich et al., 2017 [36]

Physical activity

UK

Inactive adults

21.98 (5.97) vs. 23.09 (6.96)

74.3–77.3%

N/A

192

2

1) Feedback; 2) No feedback

Yamax CW-300 pedometer, study-designed website

5 weeks

Human- Versus Algorithm Generated Feedback

Included Sample

Included Conditions

Study

Target Behavior(s)

Country

Characteristics

Age (M(SD))

% Female/ Women

Ethnicity

N

#

Description

Mode of Self-Monitoring

Duration

Beleigoli et al., 2020 [43]

Weight, diet, physical activity

Brazil

Adults with overweight/ obesity

M = 33.0–34.4

75.0–78.2%

N/A

828

2

1) Platform-only; 2) Platform + Coaching

Study-designed website

24 weeks

Kim et al., 2021 [53]

Physical activity

USA

Adults

29.7 (10.0)

41%

55.5% White

24

2

1) Tailored feedback about sedentary time; 2) Non-tailored feedback

Actigraph GT3X accelerometer, study-designed website

2 weeks

Tate et al., 2006 [41]

Weight, diet, physical activity

USA

Adults with overweight/ obesity

49.2 (9.8)

84.38%

87–90% White

125

2

1) Automated feedback; 2) Human-generated feedback

Study-designed website

6 months

West et al., 2022 [29]

Weight, diet, physical activity

USA

Adults with overweight/ obesity

50.5 (11.2)

90.40%

83.6% White

37

2

1) Pre-scripted feedback; 2) Human-generated feedback

Fitbit website/app, Renpho e-scale

16 weeks

Other Types of Feedback Comparisons

Included Sample

Included Conditions

Study

Target Behavior(s)

Country

Characteristics

Age (M(SD))

% Female/ Women

Ethnicity

N

#

Description

Mode of Self-Monitoring

Duration

Ambeba et al., 2015; Burke et al., 2011; Burke et al., 2012; Conroy et al., 2011; Turk et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2012 [5, 27, 49, 50, 54, 55]

Weight, diet, physical activity

USA

Adults with overweight/ obesity

46.8 (9.0)

84.80%

78.10%

140

2

1) Weekly human feedback; 2) Weekly human feedback + Daily PDA feedback

Personal digital assistant

24 months

Godino et al., 2013 [44]

Physical activity

UK

Adults

47.5 (6.8)

53.40%

98.3% White

346

4

1) Simple feedback;

2) Visual feedback; 3) Contextualised feedback

Actiheart device

6 days

Martin et al., 2015 [26]

Physical activity, sedentary behavior

UK

Middle aged men who were sedentary

55%, 30–49 years old

0%

85% White

40

2

1) Feedback on upright time; 2) Feedback on sedentary time

SitFIT device

4 weeks

Kerrigan et al., 2021 [46]

Physical activity

USA

Adults with overweight/ obesity who were inactive

48.95 (14.20)

98.20%

89.3% White

31

2

1) Daily feedback; 2) Weekly feedback

Fitbit activity tracker

6–8 weeks

Prestwich et al., 2017 [36]

Physical activity

UK

Inactive adults

21.98 (5.97) vs. 23.94 (9.16)

22.7–24.4%

N/A

281

2

1) Basic feedback; 2) Competition Feedback

Yamax CW-300 pedometer, study-designed website

5 weeks

Rabbi et al., 2015 [47]

Physical activity, diet

USA

Adults with a mobile device

28.3 (6.96)

47%

N/A

17

2

1) Tailored feedback; 2) Generic feedback

Study-designed MyBehavior app

3 weeks