Table 4 Risk of bias assessment for included studies
Study | Bias arising from the randomization process | Bias due to deviations from the intended interventions | Bias due to missing outcome data | Bias in measurement of the outcome | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ambeba et al., 2015; Burke et al., 2011; Burke et al., 2012; Conroy et al., 2011; Turk et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2012 [5, 27, 49, 50, 54, 55] | some concerns | low risk | low risk | some concerns | high risk | high risk |
Beleigoli et al., 2020 [43] | low risk | low risk | some concerns | some concerns | some concerns | some concerns |
Burke et al., 2017 [42] | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |
Burke et al., 2022 [28] | some concern | low risk | low risk | low risk | low risk | some concern |
Blanson Henkemans et al., 2009 [40] | low risk | some concerns | high risk | high risk | high risk | high risk |
Fanning et al., 2017 [51] | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |
Godino et al., 2013 [44] | some concerns | some concerns | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |
Jauho et al., 2015 [24] | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |
Kerrigan et al., 2021 [46] | some concerns | some concerns | some concerns | some concerns | high risk | high risk |
Kim et al., 2021 [53] | some concerns | some concerns | some concerns | low risk | high risk | high risk |
Lawrie et al., 2018 [45] | high risk | some concerns | some concerns | low risk | high risk | high risk |
Lukkahatai et al., 2021 [25] | some concerns | low risk | low risk | some concerns | high risk | high risk |
Martin et al., 2015 [26] | low risk | low risk | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |
Paschali et al., 2005 [52] | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | low risk | high risk | high risk |
Prestwich et al., 2016 [48] | low risk | some concerns | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |
Prestwich et al., 2017 [36] | low risk | low risk | some concerns | some concerns | high risk | high risk |
Rabbi et al., 2015 [47] | some concerns | low risk | low risk | low risk | high risk | high risk |
Tate et al., 2006 [41] | some concerns | some concerns | low risk | some concerns | high risk | high risk |
West et al., 2021 [29] | some concerns | low risk | low risk | low risk | some concerns | some concerns |