Assessing urban and rural neighborhood characteristics using audit and GIS data: derivation and reliability of constructs

Table 2 Unstandardized and standardized factor loadings for physical incivilities by urbanicity, using the exploratory sample (n = 6,388)

		Unstandardized		Standardized		R²
Item	Description	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural	Urban	Rural
4	Overall condition of most residential units	1	1	0.84	0.63	0.71	0.39
5	Overall condition of resident-kept grounds	1.02	1.02	0.86	0.64	0.74	0.41
11	Burned, abandoned residential units	0.78*	1.02*	0.66	0.64	0.43	0.41
17	Burned, abandoned nonresidential units	0.64*	0.93*	0.54	0.58	0.29	0.34
21	General condition of public spaces	0.69	0.69	0.58	0.43	0.34	0.19
26	Visible dogs	0.00*	0.73*	-	0.46	-	0.21
27	Amount of litter	0.80*	1.10*	0.67	0.69	0.45	0.47
29	Presence of graffiti	0.22*	0.85*	0.19	0.53	0.04	0.28
Factor mean		0	0	0	0
Factor variance		0.707	0.392	1	1

* Unstandardized factor loadings are simultaneously significantly different (p < 0.05) between urban and rural segments.
‡ Ho:Partial invariance (i.e. same factor loadings and thresholds constrained to be the same)
H1: Non invariance (i.e. different factor loadings and thresholds by urbanicity)

ISSN: 1479-5868