Offspring consume a more obesogenic diet than mothers in response to changing socioeconomic status and urbanization in Cebu, Philippines

Table 1 Individual, household and community characteristics (Mean ± SD) of mother-offspring pairs from 1994 to 2005 in Cebu, Philippines^a

Year	1994	1998	2002	2005
No. of households	1,884	1,781	1,615	1,311
Outcome – Dietary characteristics:
Mothers
Energy adequacy, (Kcal/BEE)^a	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.0
Percent calories from CHO^a, (%)	69.0	68.2	67.8	68.1
Percent calories from fat, (%)	15.8	17.1	16.0	15.7
Offspring – Females
Energy adequacy, (Kcal/BEE)	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.4
Percent calories from CHO, (%)	68.4	64.0	56.0	55.6
Percent calories from fat, (%)	17.2	22.1	26.6	25.8
Offspring – Males
Energy adequacy, (Kcal/BEE)	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.6
Percent calories from CHO, (%)	68.4	64.3	60.5	60.0
Percent calories from fat, (%)	16.9	21.8	22.2	21.6
Individual-level characteristics:
Mothers
Age, (years)	38.7 ± 6.1	42.7 ± 6.1	45.9 ± 6.0	48.6 ± 5.9
Education, (years)	7.5 ± 3.9	7.6 ± 3.9	7.6 ± 3.9	7.7 ± 3.9
Gender of Offspring (% male)	51.6	53.0	55.7	56.5
Offspring – No. of Females	912	837	720	571
Age, (years)	11.5 ± 0.4	14.9 ± 0.4	18.7 ± 0.3	21.5 ± 0.3
Education, (years)	3.7 ± 1.0	7.8 ± 1.5	10.8 ± 2.0	12.1 ± 3.1
Offspring – No. of Males	968	944	895	740
Age, (years)	11.5 ± 0.4	16.1 ± 0.3	18.7 ± 0.3	21.5 ± 0.3
Education, (years)	3.4 ± 1.2	7.8 ± 1.5	9.5 ± 2.9	10.7 ± 3.9
Household-level characteristics:
Household income (pesos/wk)	501.0 ± 407.8	543.3 ± 407.4	578.1 ± 468.8	601.4 ± 555.0
Household assets, (score,1 to 11)	4.0 ± 2.2	4.8 ± 2.2	5.3 ± 2.0	5.5 ± 1.9
Community-level characteristics:
Urbanicity (score, 1 to 70)	35.7 ± 13.3	39.0 ± 13.7	41.9 ± 13.8	41.0 ± 13.4

^aNotes: SD = Standard Deviation, Kcal = kilocalories, BEE = Basal Energy Expenditure, CHO = Carbohydrate

ISSN: 1479-5868