From: A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
Publication Country Study Design Quality Score | Objective | Population | Methods | Outcome | Comments and Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Robitaille et al 2008 [150] | To assess the relationship between the physician- diagnosised osteoporosis and family history and examine whether osteoporosis risk factors account for this relationship. | • n = 8,073 | PA assessment: Questionnaire. Level of PA was expressed in MET (hr/wk) | Prevalence of reported osteoporosis in US women by PA level | Prevalence of osteoporosis declines with increasing PA in a dose-response manner. |
 |  | • Sex: Women |  |  |  |
 |  | • Age: ≥ 20 yrs |  |  |  |
USA |  | • Characteristics: American women |  |  |  |
 |  | • Study: NHANES (1999-2004) | G1 = 0 | PA level (% prevalence) |  |
Cross-sectional |  |  | G2 = <30 |    • G1 = 11.0 (9.8-12.4) |  |
 |  |  | G3 = ≥ 30 |    • G2 = 7.1 (6.0-8.4) |  |
D & B score = 10 |  |  |  |    • G3 = 3.9 (2.8-5.4) |  |
 |  |  | Muscle strengthening activities were expressed in frequency/wk Times/week | p < 0.001 |  |
 |  |  |  | PA level (age adjusted) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • G1 = 8.9 (7.7-10.1) |  |
 |  |  | G1 = 0 |    • G2 = 8.4 (7.3-9.7) |  |
 |  |  | G2 = <2 |    • G3 = 6.2 (4.4-8.5) |  |
 |  |  | G3 = ≥ 2 | p < 0.01 |  |
 |  |  | Criteria for diagnosis of osteoporosis: Self-reported physician diagnosed | Muscle strengthening (%prevalence) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • G1 = 8.1 (7.2-9.1) |  |
 |  |  | Chi-square |    • G2 = 3.1 (1.7-5.5) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • G3 = 7.4 (5.8-9.4) |  |
 |  |  |  | p < 0.001 |  |
 |  |  |  | Muscle strengthening (age adjusted) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • G1 = 7.8 (6.9-8.7) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • G2 = 6.7 (3.8-11.8) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • G3 = 9.5 (7.6-11.9) |  |
 |  |  |  | p < 0.05 |  |
Keramat et al 2008 [151] | To assess risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women from selected BMD centers in Iran and India. | • Iran n = 363; 178 case, 185 control | Study period 2002 -- 2005 | OR (95% CI) of osteoporosis in exercisers vs. non-exercisers. Iran (age adjusted) | Exercise was shown as protective factor in both countries and it remained significant after adjustment for age weight and height in Iran. |
 |  | • India n = 354; 203 case, 151 control | PA assessment: Questionnaire. PA was categorized as exercises, other exercises (e.g., swimming, aerobics, weight training) and walking |  |  |
Iran and India | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 |  | • Sex: Women |  |    • Exercises = 0.4 (0.2-0.7) |  |
Case control |  | • Age: Iran Case = 58.2 (7.1) yr; Iran Control = 55.7 (6.0) yr; India Case = 58.9 (8.1) yr; India Control = 56.4 (7.5) yr | BMD assessment: DEXA |    • Other exercises = 0.4 (0.2-0.6) |  |
 |  | • Characteristics: Cases had BMD > 2.5 SD below average of young normal bone density in L1-L4 spine region and/or total femoral region. Controls had BMD < 1 SD below normal | Multinominal logistic regression |    • Regular Walking = 0.5 (0.3- 0.8) |  |
D & B score = 11 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Walking and other exercises were shown as protective factors in Iranian subjects. |
 |  |  |  | Iran (age, weight, height adjusted) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Exercises = 0.4 (0.2-0.7) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Other exercises = 0.3 (0.2-0.6) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Regular Walking = 0.4 (0.2- 0.8) I |  |
 |  |  |  | ndia (age adjusted) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Exercises = 0.4 (0.3-0.9) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Other exercises = NS |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Regular Walking = NS |  |
 |  |  |  | India (age, weight, height adjusted) |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Exercises = NS |  |
 |  | • Ethnicity: Indian and Iranian |  |    • Other exercises = NS |  |
 |  |  |  |    • Regular Walking = 0.4 (0.2- 0.8) |  |