Reference | Sample Characteristics | Step Counting Instrumentation | Protocol | Analysis strategy | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Welk [41] 2000 USA | 17 males, 14 females Cooper Aerobics Center employees 29.0 ± 8.0 years | Yamax Digi-Walker (Yamax Inc., Tokyo, Japan), observed tally | walk/jog a track and/or treadmill mile at 4, 6, and 7.5 miles/hr (6.4, 9.66, and 12.8 km/hr*) | steps taken for each pace extrapolated from 4mph pace steps in 30 minutes moderate intensity | 3,800-4,000 steps would approximate 30 minutes of moderate intensity walking |
Tudor-Locke [38] 2005 USA | 25 males, 25 females university community 18 to 39 years | Yamax SW-200, Yamax Corp., Tokyo, observed tally | 6-minute treadmill bouts at 4.8, 6.4, and 9.7 km/hr | V02 from expired gases Regression METs predicted from steps/minute | 3,000-4,000 steps in 30 minutes of moderate intensity walking based on a threshold cadence of 100 steps/min |
Marshall [39] 2009 USA | 39 males, 58 females community sample of Latino adults 32.1 ± 10.6 years | Yamax SW-200, observed tally | 6-minute treadmill bouts at 2.4, 3.0,3.5, 4.1 miles/hr (3.86, 4.83, 5.64, and 8.04 km/hr*) | V02 from expired gases; METs predicted from steps/minute multiple regression, mixed modelling, receiver operating curves | Inter-individual variation apparent however, minimally 3,000 steps in 30 minutes of moderate intensity walking based on a threshold cadence of 100 steps/min |
MacPherson [42] 2009 New Zealand | 12 males, 15 females university students 18 to 39 years | Observed tally | 10,000 steps on treadmill at 3.2 and 6.4 km/hour | time to complete and PAEE kcal from Tritrac-R3D accelerometer | most participants could achieve at least 150 kcal in energy expenditure with 10,000 steps at the slow walk (median 255 kcal, range 148-401). Faster walking produced a higher energy expenditure (median 388 kcal, range 294-901). |
Beets [44] 2010 USA | 9 males, 11 females; healthy adults; 26.4 ± 4.5 years | Observed tally | 6-minute hallway bouts at 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, and 5.4 km/hr* | Random effects models to predict steps/min from METs and anthropometric measures | Inter-individual variation apparent however, minimally 3,000 steps in 30 minutes of moderate intensity walking based on a threshold cadence of 100 steps/min |
Rowe [40] 2011 UK, USA | 37 males, 38 females; university students, employees, and their families; 32.9 ± 12.4 years | Observed tally | 6-minute treadmill bouts at randomly assigned sets of slow (mean 4.3 km/hr), medium (5.0 km/hr), fast (5.8 km/hr) speeds And Over-ground track walks (at least 4 minutes) at treadmill-determined cadences (cued by metronome) | Mixed model regression analysis to predict METs from cadence, anthropometric measures, stride length | Inter-individual variation apparent however, minimally 3,000 steps in 30 minutes of moderate intensity walking based on a threshold cadence of 100 steps/min |
Abel [43] 2011 USA | 9 males, 10 females; university population, frequent runners; 28.8 ± 6.8 years | Observed tally | 10-minute treadmill bouts at walking (3.24, 4.8, and 6.42 km/hr*) and running speeds (8.04, 9.66, 11.28 km/hr*) | Linear and non-linear regression analysis to predict METs from cadence Mixed ANOVA: Between subjects (sex), within subject effect of speed for cadence, stride length, VO2, and METs | Inter-individual variation apparent however, 100 steps/minute a reasonable estimate of moderate intensity walking |