Do infants fed directly from the breast have improved appetite regulation and slower growth during early childhood compared with infants fed from a bottle?

Table 2 Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) for appetite regulation at age 3-6 years for directly breastfed children compared to children bottle-fed human milk and formula

	High Satiety Responsiveness			High Food Responsiveness			High Enjoyment of Food
	DIRECT BF† OR (CI 95%)	BTL-HM OR (CI 95%)	BTL-FORM OR (CI 95%)	DIRECT BF† OR (CI 95%)	BTL-HM OR (CI 95%)	BTL-FORM OR (CI 95%)	DIRECT BF† OR (CI 95%)	BTL-HM OR (CI 95%)	BTL-FORM OR (CI 95%)
Unadjusted	1.00	0.49 (0.20, 1.18)	0.92 (0.30, 2.82)	1.00	0.78 (0.32, 1.88)	0.48 (0.17, 1.40)	1.00	1.63 (0.70, 3.82)	0.77 (0.27, 1.40)
Model 1‡	1.00	0.37 (0.14, 0.97)*	1.24 (0.37, 4.14)	1.00	0.90 (0.35, 2.35)	0.42 (0.14, 1.25)	1.00	1.95 (0.79, 4.87)	0.61 (0.20, 2.19)
Model 2‡	1.00	0.34 (0.13, 0.93)*	1.21 (0.36, 4.04)	1.00	1.05 (0.39, 2.85)	0.45 (0.15, 1.35)	1.00	2.09 (0.81, 5.37)	0.33 (0.20, 1.89)
Model 3‡	1.00	0.33 (0.12, 0.93)*	1.18 (0.35, 3.99)	1.00	1.26 (0.45, 3.54)	0.48 (0.16, 1.48)	1.00	2.23 (0.85, 5.90)	0.64 (0.21, 1.95)

†DIRECT BF was Reference group.
‡ Model 1 includes child age and child weight status
Model 2 includes Model 1 + maternal race
Model 3 includes Model 2 + maternal education level
* p ≤ 0.05
DIRECT BF = direct breastfeeding group. BTL-HM = Bottle-fed Human Milk group. BTL-FORM = Bottle-fed Formula group. CI 95% denotes the 95% confidence interval. Child Weight Status was based on the current growth percentile, based on CDC standard growth reference, as follows: not overweight/obese as less than the 85th percentile for age and gender, and overweight/obese as equal to or greater than the 85th percentile for age and gender. Maternal Race was coded as being White or not. Maternal Education was coded as having a College degree and Beyond or having less than a College degree.

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