Relationships of leisure-time and non-leisure-time physical activity with depressive symptoms: a population-based study of Taiwanese older adults

Table 1 Characteristics of participants aged 65 or older with depressive symptoms in Taiwan

Variables	n	Depressive Symptoms(%)	χ² test
Socio-demographic
Sex			p < 0.001
Female	1225	24.5
Male	1236	16.7
Age			p = 0.768^a
85+	105	21.0
75-84	821	20.1
65-74	1535	20.8
Education level			p < 0.001
Illiterate	828	28.7
Literate but no formal schooling	128	16.4
Primary school	986	18.5
Secondary school	352	14.2
College+	166	9.0
Marital status			p < 0.001
Widowed	740	25.3
Separated/divorced	147	29.3
Never married	68	25.0
Married/cohabiting	1502	17.2
Working status			p < 0.001
Unable to work	70	30.0
Retired	1531	21.4
Housekeeper	467	22.9
Currently working	392	13.3
Monthly income (NT dollar)			p < 0.001^a
0	310	20.0
1-9999	1406	25.0
10000-19999	381	16.0
20000+	346	7.8
Living status			p < 0.001
Alone	250	31.2
With family/others	2211	19.4
*Lifestyle behaviors*
Leisure-time physical activity			p < 0.001^a
0 (kcal/wk)	1046	29.0
1-999	743	18.6
1000-1999	366	11.5
2000+	304	7.9
Non Leisure-time physical activity			p < 0.001^a
0 (kcal/wk)	1973	22.3
1-999	186	14.5
1000-1999	68	11.8
2000+	231	14.3
Overall physical activity			p < 0.001^a
0 (kcal/wk)	792	32.4
1-999	739	20.0
1000-1999	384	11.5
2000+	546	10.6
Drinking			p < 0.001
Yes	503	13.9
No	1958	22.3
Smoking			p = 0.124
Current smoker	438	20.4
Quit	247	15.8
Never smoked	1775	21.4
*Health Status*
Body mass index			p < 0.001
Underweight < 18.5	155	33.5
Obese 27+	474	20.5
Overweight 24-26.99	677	17.9
Normal 18.5-23.99	1120	20.4
Number of chronic diseases			p < 0.001
3+	578	31.1
2	537	19.9
1	690	18.4
0	656	14.2
Activities of daily living			p < 0.001
Some or great difficulties	234	47.9
No difficulties at all	2227	17.7

ISSN: 1479-5868