Efficacy of behavioural interventions for transport behaviour change: systematic review, meta-analysis and intervention coding

Table 7 Behaviour change technique content coding of car reduction studies by effect size

Study name	Bamberg 2013 [ [30]]	Armitage 2011 [ [28]]	Bamberg 2006 [ [29]]	Fujii 2005 [ [33]]	Jakobsson 2002 [ [35]]	Bamberg 2013 [ [30]]	Eriksson 2008 [ [32]]	Eriksson 2008 [ [32]]	Jakobsson 2002 [ [35]]	Fujii 2005 [ [33]]	Fujii 2005 [ [33]]	Jakobsson 2002 [ [35]]	Fujii 2005 [ [33]]
Intervention arm name	Dialog	Implementation Intention	Intervention	Plan	Charge	Standardised	Intervention	Intervention	Charge + plan	Plan	Plan	Extend charge + plan	Plan
Outcome	Car use (summary measure)	Single occupancy car use (frequency)	Car Use (Proportion)	Car trips >45 mins duration (frequency)	Car use (frequency)	Car use (summary measure)	Total car trips (frequency)	Car trips as driver (frequency)	Car use (frequency)	Car trips 15-45 mins (frequency)	Total car trips (frequency)	Car use (frequency)	Car trips <15mins (frequency)
Effect size¹	−0.54	−0.27	−0.24	−0.22	−0.19	−0.17	−0.16	−0.01	0.01	0.11	0.16	0.19	0.22
CALO-RE BCTs ²
1	X			X						X	X		X
2					X				X			X
5	X
7	X	X		X			X	X	X	X	X	X	X
8	X
12	X
13					X				X			X
15	X						X	X
16					X				X			X
20	X		X			X	X	X
21	X		X			X	X	X
28	X
40	X
V1 BCTs
Verbal persuasion	X
Pros and Cons	X
Incentive			X
Punishment					X				X			X
Additional BCTs
Contextual Constraints	X
Structural interventions
Relocation			X

Presence of a Behaviour Change Technique in an intervention arm is indicated by an X.
¹Effect size ranked from most effective (greatest reduction in car use) through to least effective (increases in car use), where effect size could be calculated.
²1: Provide information on consequences of behaviour in general; 2: Provide information on consequences of behaviour to the individual; 5: Goal setting (behaviour); 7: Action planning; 8: Barrier identification/problem solving, 12: Prompt rewards contingent on effort or progress towards behaviour; 13: Provide rewards contingent on successful behaviour; 15: Prompting generalisation of a target behaviour; 16: Prompt self-monitoring of behaviour, 20: Provide information on where and when to perform the behaviour; 21: Provide instruction on how to perform the behaviour; 28: Facilitate social comparison; 40: Stimulate anticipation of future rewards.