Table 2 Criteria for assessing studies’ theory utilization

Theory utilization

Clear identification/ operationalization of theory/constructs used

A conceptual framework was proposed based on a theory and measured constructs/variables accordingly.

3

Inferred theory or partial use of theory

A theory was not clearly identified, but three or more theoretical constructs of a theory were measured.

2

A theory was identified but only one or two constructs of the theory were measured.

May be informed by theory/slight evidence of use of theory

The use of a theoretical framework was claimed to guide design, program, or measures, but was not evidenced.

1

A theory was not clearly identified, but one or two theoretical constructs of a theory were measured.

No evidence of using theory

0

Conceptualization of perceived barriers

Defined or contextually described

A clear definition of “perceived barriers” was provided.

2

What “perceived barriers” mean in the case of active commuting to school was clearly described.

Contextually described, but within a broader category

Participants’ perceived environmental characteristics that may influence children’s ACS were described, which included both perceived facilitators and barriers.

1

Not defined/described

0

Operationalization of perceived barriers

Clearly operationalized /reported

Different items were used to measure “perceived barriers” and the items were clearly described.

2

Somewhat/slightly operationalized

Different items were claimed to be used to measure “perceived barriers”; however, the items were not described.

1

“Perceived barriers” were claimed to be measured; however, it’s not clear what items were used.

Not reported/described

0