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Table 4 Group differences and mean changes in fitness, screen time, physical activity and BMI after intervention

From: A school-based intervention improves physical fitness in Ecuadorian adolescents: a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Outcomes

 

Differences at individual level

Unadjusted effects at individual level c

Adjusted effects at individual level e

Effects in the pairs g

 

n a(cluster)

Δ I (SD) b

Δ C (SD) b

Beta

P d

Beta

P f

ICC

95% CI

Effect size h

95% CI

I 2

Physical fitness

           

Cardiopulmonary fitness

            

20 m shuttle run (min)

1003 (20)

−0.17(0.83)

−0.02(1.19)

−0.18

0.18

−0.19

0.16

0.15

[−0.54 – 0.16]

−0.19

[−0.52 – 0.14]

89.3

Speed-agility

            

Speed shuttle run (s)i

1021 (20)

1.89 (2.09)

2.69 (3.44)

−0.72

0.06

−0.76

0.05

0.15

[−1.58 - 0.07]

−0.81

[−1.67 - 0.04]

83.8

Plate tapping (s)i

1043 (20)

−0.18 (2.39)

0.36 (2.64)

−0.61

0.13

−0.70

0.10

0.32

[−1.70 - 0.31]

−0.64

[−1.56 - 0.34]

93.3

Flexibility

            

Sit and reach (cm)

1040 (20)

1.84 (4.93)

1.97 (4.61)

−0.13

0.37

0.11

0.39

0.06

[−0.64 - 0.86]

−0.13

[−0.96 - 0.71]

52.7

Muscle strength and endurance

           

Sit-up (number/30 s)

1031(20)

2.45 (3.81)

2.52 (4.15)

−0.04

0.47

0.15

0.36

0.11

[−0.63 - 0.92]

−0.002

[−0.95 - 0.94]

76.3

Vertical jump (cm)

1038 (20)

1.94 (6.80)

0.07 (6.45)

1.83

0.03

2.51

0.01

0.12

[0.78 - 4.23]

1.74

[0.12 - 3.36]

77.6

Bent arm hang (s)

1019 (20)

−0.64 (7.72)

0.005(7.38)

−0.70

0.27

−0.11

0.45

0.03

[−1.67 – 1.45]

−0.68

[−2.63 – 1.27]

82.8

Handgrip (kgf)

1032 (20)

5.86 (5.42)

5.70 (6.3)

−0.03

0.48

0.59

0.12

0.06

[−0.32 - 1.50]

0.076

[−1.49 - 1.34]

81.3

Balance

            

Flamingo (trying/min)i

571 (20)

−1.69 (6.60)

−4.08 (7.60)

2.36

0.01

1.83

0.02

0.07

[0.25 - 3.41]

2.34

[0.53 - 4.14]

59.1

% able to do the flamingo test

1034 (20)

5.15

5.49

-0.05

0.08

−0.37

0.13

0.03

[−0.10 – 0.02]

−0.52

[−0.12 – 0.02]

38.3

Screen time

            

Screen time in week day (h/day)

1071 (20)

2.02 (3.22)

1.83 (2.83)

0.20

0.17

0.29

0.11

0.01

[−0.15 - 0.73]

0.2

[−0.28 - 0.68]

48.1

Screen time in weekends (h/day)

1071 (20)

2.00 (3.66)

2.24 (3.85)

−0.23

0.27

−0.24

0.26

0

[−0.93 - 0.45]

−0.2

[−0.96 - 0.55]

64.2

% sedentary in week (screen time >3 h/day)

1071 (20)

2.57%

11.16%

−0.05

0.07

−0.06

0.06

0.01

[−0.12 - 0 .01]

−0.05

[−0.11 - 0.01]

0.0

% sedentary in weekends (screen time >3 h/day)

1071 (20)

−23.57%

−27.46%

0.05

0.07

0.04

0.08

0

[−0.10 - 0 .01]

0.05

[−0.03 - 0.13]

58.9

Accelerometer data

           

Total PA (counts/day)

134 (18)

−17503 (143300)

−26291 (146553)

22356j

0.22

27804j

0.18

0

[−29525 - 85135]

37000

[−44000 - 120000]

61.3

Total PA (CPM/day)

134 (18)

−6.7 (156.2)

−15.3 (183.6)

18.8j

0.30

30.2j

0.23

0

[−46.2 -106.6]

47.8

[−42.5 - 138.1]

64.1

Sedentary time (min/day)

134 (18)

26.3 (149.6)

44.1 (158.9)

−14.4j

0.21

−18.1j

0.15

0

[−50.8 - 14.6]

−14.0

[−78.9 - 50.8]

42.8

Light PA (min/day)

134 (18)

−47.9 (69.2)

−47.1 (70.3)

4.3j

0.32

4.6j

0.32

0

[−14.6 - 23.8]

−6.1

[−42.8 - 30.6]

63.7

MVPA (min/day)

134 (18)

−8.8 (54.0)

−14.7 (55.1)

10.4j

0.17

13.6j

0.08

0

[−4.1- 30.8]

15.7

[−14.1 - 45.4]

59.1

% who meet the PA recommendation (60 min MVPA/day)

134 (18)

−5.87%

−18.09%

0.16

<0.01

0.20

<0.01

0

[0.07 - 0.33]

0.06k

[−0.41 - 0.53]k

58.1k

Anthropometry

           

Body mass index (z-score)

1062 (20)

−0.09 (0.58)

−0.09 (0.52)

0.02

0.34

−0.01

0.38

0.02

[−0.09 - 0.06]

−0.004

[−0.09 - 0.08]

41.1

Overweight prevalence (%)m

1062 (20)

−0.56

−1.62

0.03

0.15

0.02

0.31

0

[−0.05 - 0.08]

0.03

[−0.03 - 0.09]

32.5

  1. aTotal number of students (clusters).
  2. bStandard deviation adjusted for clustering.
  3. cCrude models without covariates and adjusted for clustering.
  4. dP-value for crude models.
  5. eAdjusted for clustering.
  6. fMultilevel random effect models adjusted for BMI z-score, gender, socio-economic status and the physical activity knowledge at baseline. P-values were calculated with t distribution with 9 degree of freedom.
  7. gRandom effect meta-analysis with pairs as random effect.
  8. hPooled unstandardized mean differences.
  9. iLower scores indicated better fitness.
  10. jModels were adjusted for total time registered at baseline and at follow-up.
  11. kThe results were obtained from only two pairs. In all other pairs, at least one school had all students meeting the recommendation on MVPA.
  12. mOverweight and obese combined.
  13. Δ I: mean difference of the outcomes measured before and after the intervention in the intervention group; Δ C: mean difference of the outcomes measured before and after the intervention in the control group; CPM: counts per minute; ICC: intraclass correlation; I2: heterogeneity; PA: physical activity, MVPA: moderate to vigorous PA.
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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