Table 2 Coding scheme and descriptive statistics for latent and observed variables (N = 857)
Description | Latent and observed variables | Coding schemes and descriptive statistics |
|---|---|---|
Types of children’s self-efficacy | I’m sure that I can walk to or from school: | |
Scheduling self-efficacy | At least once every week | 0: Not sure (48.8%), 1: A little sure (21.7%), 2: Very sure (26.1%) |
At least 2–4 days of the week | 0: Not sure (54.7%), 1: A little sure (19.1%), 2: Very sure (23.1%) | |
Every day of the week | 0: Not sure (57.9%), 1: A little sure (13.0%), 2: Very sure (24.9%) | |
Barrier self-efficacy | Even if I live far from school | 0: Not sure (69.3%), 1: A little sure (15.2%), 2: Very sure (13.4%) |
Even if there is a lot of traffic | 0: Not sure (70.6%), 1: A little sure (16.3%), 2: Very sure (10.3%) | |
Even if it is hot outside | 0: Not sure (43.2%), 1: A little sure (25.2%), 2: Very sure (28.8%) | |
Even if it is cold outside | 0: Not sure (56.4%), 1: A little sure (22.4%), 2: Very sure (18.7%) | |
Even if it is raining outside | 0: Not sure (68.1%), 1: A little sure (15.2%), 2: Very sure (13.7%) | |
Even if my friends or classmates do not walk to school | 0: Not sure (49.9%), 1: A little sure (20.3%), 2: Very sure (26.4%) | |
Support-seeking self-efficacy | With my parents | 0: Not sure (37.3%), 1: A little sure (19.5%), 2: Very sure (40.1%) |
With my friends or classmates | 0: Not sure (39.3%), 1: A little sure (19.5%), 2: Very sure (38.3%) | |
By myself | 0: Not sure (57.1%), 1: A little sure (16.2%), 2: Very sure (25.1%) | |
Without my parents | 0: Not sure (52.7%), 1: A little sure (16.7%), 2: Very sure (27.2%) | |
Sources of children’s self-efficacy | ||
Previous experience of asking for permission to ACS | How often do you ask your parents if you can walk to school? | 0: Never (50.1%), 1: Sometimes (22.5%), 2: Always (11.4%); 3: Already walked to school (14.8%) |
How often do you ask your parents if you can bike to school? | 0: I do not have a bike (19.7%), 1: Never (49.5%), 2: Sometimes (16.3%), 3: Always (9.8%), 4: Already biked to school (4.1%) | |
Emotional states | Do you feel safe walking in your neighborhood during the day? | 0: Never (15.5%), 1: Sometimes (23.8%), 2: Most of the time (20.9%); 3: All of the time (39.1%) |
Do you feel safe riding a bike in your neighborhood during the day? | 0: Never (15.5%), 1: Sometimes (20.4%), 2: Most of the time (18.8%); 3: All of the time (44.8%) | |
Social persuasion | Have your teachers or other school staff encouraged you to walk or ride to or from school? | 0: No (67.2%), 1: Yes (13.3%), 2: Don’t know (18.6%) |
Does your school have a Walking School Bus or a similar program? | 0: No (41.9%), 1: Yes (15.3%), 2: Don’t know (42.2%) | |
Social modeling | Do many people walk or ride bikes in your neighborhood? | 0: Never (7.1%), 1: Sometimes (46.8%), 2: Most of the time (25.1%); 3: All of the time (20.8%) |
How many of your friends usually walk or ride a bike to school? | Mean: 1.77, SD:1.82 | |
Environmental constraints | Percentage of highway | 0: No (82.4%), 1: Yes (17.6%) |
Automobile related land use | 0: No (66.7%), 1: Yes (33.3%) | |
Construction and manufacturing related land use | 0: No (64.9%), 1: Yes (35.1%) | |
General commercial related land use | 0: No (58.0%), 1: Yes (42.0%) | |
Presence of crashes per acre | 0: No (67.9%), 1: Yes (32.1%) | |
Presence of sex offenders per acre | 0: No (72.1%), 1: Yes (27.9%) | |
Network distance | Mean: .80, SD: .48 | |
Types of parents’ self-efficacy | I’m sure that I can allow my child to walk to or from school: | |
Parent scheduling self- efficacy | At least once every week | 0: Not sure (59.7%), 1: A little sure (16.5%), 2: Very sure (18.1%) |
At least 2–4 days of the week | 0: Not sure (64.6%), 1: A little sure (13.8%), 2: Very sure (15.5%) | |
Every day of the week | 0: Not sure (70.1%), 1: A little sure (10.5%), 2: Very sure (13.7%) | |
Parent barrier self-efficacy | Even if we live far from school | 0: Not sure (87.8%), 1: A little sure (4.9%), 2: Very sure (2.9%) |
Even if there is a lot of traffic | 0: Not sure (86.1%), 1: A little sure (6.3%), 2: Very sure (2.8%) | |
Even if it is hot outside | 0: Not sure (63.5%), 1: A little sure (20.7%), 2: Very sure (11.1%) | |
Even if it is cold outside | 0: Not sure (72.0%), 1: A little sure (16.9%), 2: Very sure (6.1%) | |
Even if it is raining outside | 0: Not sure (83.8%), 1: A little sure (6.7%), 2: Very sure (3.5%) | |
Even if other children do not walk to school | 0: Not sure (75.1%), 1: A little sure (12.6%), 2: Very sure (6.9%) | |
Parent support-seeking self-efficacy | With me | 0: Not sure (27.5%), 1: A little sure (17.2%), 2: Very sure (50.6%) |
With friends or classmates | 0: Not sure (55.8%), 1: A little sure (20.4%), 2: Very sure (18.6%) | |
Alone, without other children or adults | 0: Not sure (78.4%), 1: A little sure (8.1%), 2: Very sure (7.9%) | |
Without me | 0: Not sure (67.8%), 1: A little sure (14.9%), 2: Very sure (11.6%) | |