Table 4 Results of studies testing the association between indices and other measures of childhood socioeconomic position and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in adults

-Johnson (2011) [20]

Correlation and regression coefficients for a 6-point LTPA score and an index of childhood household amenities.

r = 0.00 (ns)

None

-UK; Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

β = 0.02 (ns)

Own education, own occupational class & more

-1091; 70 year.

-Hilsdon (2008) [22]

Prevalence of four indicators of childhood household amenities and car access in 4 groups of frequency of physical activity hours/week.

≥3–0 (hours/week.):

None

-UK; British Women’s Heart & Health Study (BWHHS)

Shared bedroom = −7.7 % {−5.9; −8.7} (+)

No indoor toilet = −8.8 % {−7.9;- 9.8} (+)

-> 4100^♀; 60–79 years.

No hot water = −9.6 % {−8.6; −10.4} (+)

No car access = −7.9 % {−6.8; −9.1} (+)

Odds of more frequent physical activity per unit increase in childhood SEP (parental occupation, household amenities and car access) with higher scores representing more adversity.

OR = 0.85 {0.81; 0.89} (+)

Age

OR = 0.93 {0.89; 0.98} (+)

Age, adult SEP, area deprivation.

OR = 0.94 {0.90; 0.99} (+)

As above plus smoking, BMI, CVD, respiratory disease

-Watt (2009) [23]

Difference in prevalence of low exercise between those reporting no and those reporting yes to questions on childhood household amenities and car access.

Shared bedroom = 5.4 % {1.9; 9.0} (+)

None

-UK; BWHHS

No hot water = 6.1 % {2.4; 9.8} (+)

-3523^♀; 60–79 years.

No indoor toilet = 6.8 % {3.1; 10.4} (+)

No car access = 7.9 % {3.3; 12.4} (+)

Odds of low exercise per unit increase in childhood SEP with higher scores representing more adversity.

OR = 1.12 {1.07; 1.17} (+)

None

OR = 1.06 {1.01; 1.12} (+)

Age, own adult SEP

-Pinto Pereira (2014) [35]

Odds of low LTPA per unit increase (0–18) on index of childhood household amenities (access to bathroom, indoor lavatory and hot water, with higher scores indicating more limited access).

Odds ratios:

None

-UK; National Child Development Study 1958 (NCDS)

Age 33 = 1.03 {1.01; 1.04} (+)

Age 42 = 1.03 {1.01; 1.04} (+)

-12,776 had ≥ one measure of LTPA; 33, 42, 50 year.

Age 50 = 1.04 {1.03; 1.05} (+)

Age 33 = 1.02 {1.001; 1.03} (+)

Sex

Age 42 = 1.01 {0.999; 1.03} (ns)

Age 50 = 1.02 {1.01; 1.04} (+)

Age 33 = 1.01 {0.995; 1.03} (ns)

Sex, parental education, household amenities, cognition, aptitude, lifestyle factors at age 16, & more

Age 42 = 1.01 {0.99; 1.02} (ns)

Age 50 = 1.02 {1.002; 1.03} (+)

Age 33 = 1.01 {0.99; 1.02} (ns)

As above plus own education, own social class, BMI, mental health, number of children in the household, limiting illness

Age 42 = 1.01 {0.99; 1.02} (ns)

Age 50 = 1.01 {0.999; 1.03} (ns)

-Lynch (1997) [39]

Prevalence of conditioning inactivity & low quartile of conditioning activity by an index of parental occupation, parental education & more (1. high 2. middle 3. poor).

No conditioning activity:

Age

-Finland; Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study

1–3 = −0.4 % (ns)

Low quartile:

-2682^♂; 42–60 year.

1–3⁺ = −5.7 % (+)

-Makinen (2009) [44]

Odds of inactivity and moderate LTPA relative to high LTPA for those reporting yes to long-term financial problems; regular parental unemployment.

Odds Ratios (inactivity):

Age

-Finland; Health 2000 Survey

♂ = 1.04 (ns); 1.35 (ns)

-6492; 30+ Yrs.

♀ = 1.18 (ns); 1.45 (ns)

Odds Ratios (moderate LTPA):

♂ = 0.95 (ns); 1.31 (ns)

♀ = 1.13 (ns); 1.36 (ns)

-Beunen (2004) [50]

Correlation and regression coefficients for sport, leisure-time and counts indices per increase in urbanisation score of the childhood home. Only counts results presented in paper.

Counts:

Counts:

-Belgium; LLSFB

r = 0.18 (+)

β at 14 years = 0.17 (+)

Sit reach, pulse recovery, sports participation (regression)

-166^♂; 40 year.

β at 16 years = 0.15 (+)

β at 18 years = 0.15 (+)

-Scheerder (2006) [51]

Path coefficients for level of sports participation based on an index of parental occupation and parental education (lower class, middle class, upper class).

β from path model = −0.07 {−0.22; 0.08} (ns)

Age, own education, own occupational class, BMI, parent’s sport, & more

-Belgium; Leuven Longitudinal Study of Flemish Girls (LLSFG)

-234^♀; 32–41 year.

-Pudrovska (2013) [54]

Path coefficients for exercise per change in index of parental occupation, parental education, family income, father’s occupational income and occupational education.

‘Total effects’

None

-US; 1957 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

β = 1.117 (+, p < 0.001)

-5778; 65 years.

‘Direct effects’

Marriage, children, alcohol use, smoking status, own SES, health, obesity, depression

♂ = 0.211 (+, p < 0.01)

♀ = 0.091 (+, p < 0.05)

♂ = 0.018 (ns)

As above plus high school sports

♀ = 0.039 (ns)

-Carroll (2011) [57]

Correlation between physical activity kilocalories/week. and a 6-point index of household amenities and car access (for every 2 years, up to age 18).

r (range) = −0.15 to 0.14 (ns)

None

-US; Vaccination Immunity Project

-112; 40–60 year.

-Tsenkova (2014) [59]

Regression coefficients for more frequent vigorous exercise per increasing disadvantage on a 6-point index of parental education, childhood welfare status and financial circumstances.

β = −0.11 {SE = 0.03} (+, p < 0.01)

Age, sex, race, smoking history.

-US; Midlife in the US Study.

-895; 25–74

β = −0.08 {SE = 0.03} (+, p < 0.05)

As above plus adult SEP

-Kern (2010) [60]

Regression coefficients for physical activity per unit increase in standardised index of parental occupation and education.

β (Physical activity level):

None

-US; Terman Life Cycle Study

♂ = −0.03 {SE = 0.02} (ns)

-1114;25–61 year.

♀ = 0.02 {SE = 0.01} (ns)

-Schooling (2007) [62]

Prevalence of HEPA^b, minimally active, and inactive in three groups of (3 items, 1 or 2 items, 0 parental possessions during childhood

HEPA-inactive:

None

-China; Guangzhou Bio-bank Cohort Study (GBCS)

♂ (0 items) = 6.1 % (−, p < 0.01)

♀ (0 items) = −3.2 % (p < 0.01)

-9748; 50+ Yrs.

-Elwell-Sutton (2011) [63]

Prevalence of HEPA^b, minimally active, and inactive in those reporting 1–3 items or 0 parental possessions during childhood).

HEPA-inactive:

None

-China; GBCS

0 Items = −0.17 % (ns)

-20,086; 50+ Yrs.

1–3 items = 0.61 % (ns)