Parenting around child snacking: development of a theoretically-guided, empirically informed conceptual model

Davison, Kirsten K.; Blake, Christine E.; Blaine, Rachel E.; Younginer, Nicholas A.; Orloski, Alexandria; Hamtil, Heather A.; Ganter, Claudia; Bruton, Yasmeen P.; Vaughn, Amber E; Fisher, Jennifer O.

doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0268-3

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 2 Summary of data analysis process by which the final constructs were identified

From: Parenting around child snacking: development of a theoretically-guided, empirically informed conceptual model

#	Stage 1: Constructs initially coded based on theory and existing research	Stage 2: Constructs identified through sub-coding of multidimensional constructs	Stage 3: Final construct name	Anticipated parenting dimension
1	Praise and encouragement of healthy snacks		Praise/encouragement of healthy snacks	Autonomy
2	Child-centered snack provision		Child-centered snack provision	Autonomy
3	Snacks used to build independence and nutrition knowledge		Reasoning and support for healthy snacks	Autonomy
4	Role modeling healthy snacking		Role modeling healthy snacking	Autonomy
5	Snack planning and routines		Snack planning and routines	Structure
6	Prevention or anticipation of child hunger		Snack planning and routines	Structure
7	Snacks to reward behavior		Snacks to reward behavior	Control
8	Snacks to stop nagging and prevent tantrums		Snacks to manage child behavior	Control
9	Pressure to eat snacks		Pressure to eat snacks	Control
10	Snacks to occupy child		Snacks to occupy child	Control
11	Emotion-based feeding of snacks		Emotion-based feeding of snacks	Permissiveness
12	Availability/accessibility of unhealthy snacks	12a. Unhealthy snacks not available or accessible	Availability of healthy snacks	Structure
		12b. Unhealthy snacks are available but not accessible	Restriction of snacks	Control
13	Availability/accessibility of healthy snacks	13a. Healthy snacks are available	Availability of healthy snacks	Structure
		13b. Healthy snacks are accessible	Accessibility of healthy snacks	Structure
14	Snack rules and limits	14a. Excessive rules and limits	Unilateral decision making about snacks	Control
		14b. Moderate rules and limits	Moderate snack rules and limits	Structure
		14c. Absence of rules and limits	No snack rules or limits	Permissiveness
15	Monitoring child snacks	15a. Excessive monitoring of snacks	Excessive monitoring of snacks	Control
		15b. Moderate monitoring of snacks	Monitoring and awareness of snacks	Structure
		15c. Absence of(ambivalence to) monitoring	No involvement with child snacks	Permissiveness
16	Reasoning with child about healthy snacks	16a. Moderate levels of reasoning	Reasoning and support for healthy snacks	Autonomy
		16b. Psychological control through reasoning	Restriction of snacks	Control
17	Responsive to child preferences and demands about snacks	17a. Too responsive to child preferences and demands	No snack rules or limits	Permissiveness
		17b. Overly sensitive to physical and social context of snacking	Context driven provision of snacks	Permissiveness
		17c. Moderately responsive to child preferences and demands	Child-centered provision of snacks	Autonomy
		17d. Not responsive to child snack preferences and demands	Unilateral decision making about snacks	Control

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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