Cross-continental comparison of the association between the physical environment and active transportation in children: a systematic review

Table 2 Relation between physical environment and active transportation

	Active transportation to school			Active transportation during leisure
	Active transportation to school	Walking to school	Cycling to school	Walking/cycling during leisure	Walking during leisure	Cycling during leisure
WALKABILITY	3/5 +	4/5 +	2/3 ?	0/0 ?	0/2 ?	0/1 ?
Density	3/10 0	6/8 +	0/2 ?	0/0 ?	3/8 (+)	0/4 ?
Land use mix diversity	3/10 0	7/20 (+)	0/3 ?	0/0 ?	1/10 0	1/4 ?
Street connectivity	2/17 0	9/30 0	1/8 0	0/8 0	5/12 (+)	2/6 ?
ACCESSIBILITY	5/11 (+)	6/8 +	1/2 ?	0/0 ?	2/2 ?	0/0 ?
WALK/CYCLE FACILITIES	5/23 0	16/29 (+)	1/11 0	2/7 0	4/13 0	2/11 ?
AESTHETICS	3/17 0	4/23 0	1/6 0	0/3 ?	0/4 ?	0/2 ?
SAFETY	10/21 (+)	11/22 (+)	3/10 0	0/2 ?	0/0 ?	0/0 ?
Crime safety	1/10 0	5/16 0	0/1 ?	0/7 ?	2/4 ?	0/0 ?
Traffic safety	18/42 (+)	32/71 (+)	12/27 (+)	5/33 0	4/17 0	3/7 0
RECREATION FACILITIES	4/8 (+)	2/7 0	1/2 ?	3/7 (+)	4/11 (+)	1/6 0

n/N = number of positive associations/number of total investigated associations
0 = 0–33 % of the findings supporting the association = unrelated evidence
(+) or (−) = 34–59 % of the findings supporting the association = evidence for a possible association
+ or - = 60–100 % of the findings supporting a positive or negative association = convincing evidence
? =variable was investigated in less than three studies

ISSN: 1479-5868