Table 2 Differences between time points (ages 3 to 5) in percentages of children responding according to each theme
Themes | Time 1a | Time 2 | Time 3 | Cochran’s Q | McNemar’s test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | T1 vs. T2 | T1 vs. T3 | T2 vs. T3 | ||
Primary theory-driven coding categories | |||||||
General food awarenessb | 6.2 (16) | 18.1 (47) | 29.3 (76) | Q(2) = 51.94, p < .001 | χ 2 = 18.36*** | χ 2 = 43.5*** | χ 2 = 9.92** |
Diet awarenessb | 4.2 (11) | 15.4 (40) | 27.8 (72) | Q(2) = 59.43, p < .001 | χ 2 = 19.12*** | χ 2 = 49.31*** | χ 2 = 12.98*** |
Physical activity awarenessb | 6.6 (17) | 16.2 (42) | 22.0 (57) | Q(2) = 24.02, p < .001 | χ 2 = 10.11*** | χ 2 = 22.37*** | χ 2 = 2.48, ns |
Exercise awarenessb | 2.3 (6) | 11.6 (30) | 16.3 (50) | Q(2) = 59.42, p < .001 | χ 2 = 14.69*** | χ 2 = 34.24*** | χ 2 = 5.31* |
Data-derived themes | |||||||
Eat less | 1.2 (3) | 5.8 (15) | 8.9 (23) | Q(2) = 15.59, p < .0005 | χ 2 = 7.56** | χ 2 = 13.88*** | χ 2 = 1.36, ns |
Stop eating | 0.8 (2) | 5.4 (14) | 4.6 (12) | Q(2) = 9.54, p = .008 | χ 2 = 7.56** | χ 2 = 5.78* | χ 2 = 0.04, ns |
Change quality of food | 2.3 (6) | 5.0 (13) | 15.1 (39) | Q(2) = 43.19, p < .001 | χ 2 = 3.27, ns | χ 2 = 26.25*** | χ 2 = 18.39*** |
Change specific foods | 1.5 (4) | 3.5 (9) | 8.1 (21) | Q(2) = 14.77, p < .001 | χ 2 = 1.45, ns | χ 2 = 10.24*** | χ 2 = 4.65* |
Eat “healthy” food | 0.8 (2) | 1.9 (5) | 8.9 (23) | Q(2) = 32.25, p < .0005 | χ 2 = 0.80, ns | χ 2 = 19.05*** | χ 2 = 13.14*** |
Vague food reference | 1.5 (4) | 2.7 (7) | 1.2 (3) | Q(2) = 1.86, p = .247 | -- | -- | -- |
Vomit or spit out | 1.2 (3) | 3.1 (8) | 2.3 (6) | Q(2) = 3.75, p = .305 | -- | -- | -- |
Drink water | 0.8 (2) | 0.8 (2) | 1.2 (3) | Q(2) = 0.28, p = .870 | -- | -- | -- |
Medical/scientific intervention | 0.4 (1) | 1.9 (5) | 2.3 (6) | Q(2) = 3.82, p = .148 | -- | -- | -- |
Negative implications | 10.0 (26) | 17.4 (45) | 15.4 (40) | Q(2) = 6.47, p = .039 | |||
Positive implications | 1.9 (5) | 3.1 (8) | 2.3 (6) | Q(2) = 0.78, p = .68 | -- | -- | -- |
Clothing-related | 1.5 (4) | 4.6 (12) | 1.9 (4) | Q(2) = 5.70, p = .058 | -- | -- | -- |
Aging-related | 2.3 (6) | 1.9 (5) | 1.5 (4) | Q(2) = 0.40, p = .82 | -- | -- | -- |
Have a baby | 0.8 (2) | 1.5 (4) | 0.8 (2) | Q(2) = 0.00, p = 1.00 | -- | -- | -- |
Go to toilet | 1.2 (3) | 1.9 (5) | 2.3 (6) | Q(2) = 1.00, p = .607 | -- | -- | -- |
Play (non-specific or sedentary) | 9.7 (25) | 18.5 (48) | 10.8 (28) | Q(2) = 10.54, p = .005 | χ 2 = 7.93** | χ 2 = 5.31* | χ 2 = 0.08¶ |
Magic/imagination | 9.7 (25) | 18.5 (48) | 10.8 (28) | Q(2) = 1.94, p = .379 | -- | -- | -- |
Can’t change | 1.9 (5) | 4.6 (12) | 10.0 (26) | Q(2) = 16.73, p < .001 | χ 2 = 2.12, ns | χ 2 = 12.90*** | χ 2 = 4.97* |
Miscellaneous/ambiguous | 23 (68) | 18.5 (48) | 6.2 (16) | Q(2) =, 29.07, p < .001 | χ 2 = 1.15, ns | χ 2 = 28.00 *** | χ 2 = 17.16 *** |
No response | 35.9 (93) | 12.4 (32) | 12.0 (31) | Q(2) = 66.37, p < .0005 | χ 2 = 39.56*** | χ 2 = 31.34*** | χ 2 = 0.00, ns |