The role of social support on physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 Associations from meta-analysis of all providers and sub domains of providers of total social support with physical activity outcomes

	Reference numbers of included studies	Effect size statistics					Heterogeneity statistics				Publication bias
		k	r	SE	S²	95 % CI	Z	Q	τ²	I ²	Fail safe N
All providers	[40, 49, 57, 58, 65, 70–76]	12	0.237	0.012	0.000	0.150, 0.321	5.21^***	76.062^***	0.017	85.54	555
Parents	[48, 77–89]	14	0.192	0.012	0.000	0.108, 0.273	4.50^***	116.43^***	0.020	88.83	513
Family	[50, 52, 73, 76, 90–106]^a	32	0.136	0.009	0.000	0.081, 0.191	4.79^***	420.96^***	0.023	92.40	1815
Mother	[59, 70, 107]	3	0.223	0.004	0.000	0.163, 0.280	7.20^***	1.974	0.000	0.000	31
Father	[59, 70, 107]	3	0.161	0.003	0.000	0.101, 0.219	5.25^***	1.119	0.000	0.000	17
Friend	[52, 55, 59, 73, 78, 79, 86, 88, 90, 93–95, 97, 98, 100, 102–112]^a	33	0.135	0.004	0.000	0.096, 0.173	6.75^***	180.23^***	0.009	82.24	1738
Teacher	[52, 104, 110]^a	6	0.062	0.015	0.000	−0.051, 0.174	1.08	102.55^***	0.019	95.12	3

*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001
k = number of studies; r = effect size; SE = standard error; S² = variance; 95 % CI = 95 % confidence interval; Z = test of null hypothesis; Q = total Q-value used to assess heterogeneity; τ² = between study variance; I ² = the percentage of total variance across studies not attributed to sampling error; Fail safe N = the number of additional studies (in which the effect was zero) that would be needed to increase the meta-analysis P value to above 0.5. ^a = More than one effect size included in the meta-analyses from the following studies [50, 91, 93, 99, 100]

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