Table 4 Determinants of IR (HOMA-IR ≥p95^a) from univariate logistic regression analyses (children without IR at T0)

Sex

3152 (all)

2297 (all)

 Female

1508

47.8

1.5

1.3–1.9

1078

46.9

1.4

1.1–1.9

 Male

1644

52.2

Ref.

1219

53.1

Ref.

Age (continuous, unit change from mean)

3152 (all)

1.2

1.1–1.3

2297 (all)

1.1

1.0–1.2

ISCED

3114 (all)

2269 (all)

 Low (1–2)

215

6.9

2.6

1.9–3.6

135

6.0

2.2

1.4–3.5

 Medium (3–4)

1563

50.2

1.8

1.4–2.3

1121

49.4

1.6

1.2–2.2

 High (5–6)

1336

52.9

Ref.

1013

44.7

Ref.

BMI (Cole)

3152 (all)

 Thin

362

11.5

0.5

0.3–0.9

 Normal weight

2297

72.9

Ref.

 Overweight

345

11.0

4.1

3.3–5.0

 Obese

148

4.7

10.8

8.2–14.0

BMI z-score (Cole)

3152 (all)

 1^st Quartile (≤ −0.49)

813

26.2

0.7

0.5–1.1

 2^nd Quartile (−0.49 - ≤0.19)

802

25.6

Ref.

 3^rd Quartile (0.19 - ≤0.97)

811

23.1

1.2

0.9–1.8

 4^th Quartile (≥ 0.97)

726

25.1

4.9

3.7–6.6

BMI z-score (Cole) (unit change from mean)

3152 (all)

2.5

2.2–2.8

Waist z-score (Cole)

3152 (all)

 1^st Quartile (≤ −0.66)

826

26.2

0.8

0.5–1.2

 2^nd Quartile (−0.66 - ≤0.09)

791

25.1

Ref.

 3^rd Quartile (0.09 - ≤0.95)

808

25.6

1.5

1.0–2.1

 4^th Quartile (≥ 0.95)

727

23.1

5.7

4.1–7.7

Waist z-score (Cole) (unit change from mean)

3152 (all)

2.2

2.0–2.4

Audio-visual media time

3152 (all)

2297 (all)

 ≤1 h/day

1062

33.7

Ref.

774

33.7

Ref.

 1 - ≤2 h/day

1221

38.7

1.4

1.1–1.9

899

39.1

1.4

1.0–2.1

 2 - ≤3 h/day

603

19.1

1.7

1.3–2.3

439

19.1

1.8

1.2–2.6

 >3 h/day

266

8.4

2.1

1.5–2.9

185

8.1

2.3

1.5–3.6

Media in bedroom

3090 (all)

2250 (all)

 0 media

1902

61.5

Ref.

1429

63.5

Ref.

 1–2 media

868

28.1

1.8

1.4–2.2

609

27.1

1.8

1.3–2.3

 3 media

320

10.4

2.6

2.0–3.4

212

9.4

2.4

1.7–3.4

Sugar consumption propensity score (N = 3125)^c

3152 (all)

2297 (all)

 1^st Quartile (≤ 16.9)

842

26.7

Ref.

625

27.2

Ref.

 2^nd Quartile (16.9 - ≤24.1)

832

26.4

1.0

0.8–1.4

557

24.3

1.0

0.7–1.5

 3^rd Quartile (24.1 - ≤32.4)

766

24.3

1.1

0.8–1.4

562

24.5

1.0

0.7–1.5

 4^th Quartile (≥ 32.4)

713

22.6

1.2

0.9–1.6

553

24.1

1.4

1.0–1.9

Fat consumption propensity score (N = 3125) ^c

3152 (all)

2297 (all)

 1^st Quartile (≤ 19.0)

901

28.6

Ref.

595

25.9

Ref.

 2^nd Quartile (19.0 - ≤24.8)

790

25.1

0.8

0.6–1.0

543

23.6

1.1

0.8–1.6

 3^rd Quartile (24.8 - ≤31.3)

748

23.7

0.8

0.6–1.0

574

25.0

1.1

0.8–1.6

 4^th Quartile (≥ 31.3)

713

22.6

0.9

0.7–1.2

585

25.5

1.1

0.8–1.6

Sleep duration on weekdays (N = 1730)

1730 (all)

1253 (all)

 Average sleep time <9 h

104

6.0

1.8

1.2–2.7

58

4.6

1.5

0.8–2.8

 Average sleep time ≥9 h

1626

94.0

Ref.

1195

95.4

Ref.

Time spent in MVPA^b

1042 (all)

771 (all)

 1^st Quartile (≤ 27 min./day)

259

24.9

Ref.

203

26.3

Ref.

 2^nd Quartile (27 - ≤38.7 min./day)

256

24.6

0.8

0.5–1.2

193

25.0

0.9

0.5–1.4

 3^rd Quartile (38.7 - ≤54.6 min./day)

264

25.3

0.4

0.2–0.7

193

25.0

0.4

0.2–0.9

 4^th Quartile (≥ 54.6 min./day)

263

25.2

0.6

0.4–1.0

182

23.6

0.7

0.3–1.0