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Table 5 Associations of environmental attributes/correlates with older adults’ physical activity by physical activity and environmental measures (objective and perceived)

From: Built environmental correlates of older adults’ total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental attribute

Total PA1

Total walking only

P

Ø

N

pa

Da

P

Ø

N

pa

Da

Walkability

12.33

6.67

0

<.001

P

4.37

3.63

0

.001

P

Objective

9.05

6.95

0

<.001

P

-

-

-

-

-

Perceived

3

0

0

.003

P

-

-

-

-

-

Residential density/urbanisation

11.53

33.5

12.97

.394

Ø

8

14.5

3.5

.036

P

Objective

10

18.50

11.50

.388

Ø

7

6.50

3.50

.032

P

Perceived

1.53

15

1.47

.855

Ø

1

8

0

.652

Ø

Street connectivity

8.71

26.06

2.14

.094

Ø

5.71

13.20

2

.185

Ø

Objective

2.80

14.20

1

.366

Ø

1.80

9.20

1

.543

Ø

Perceived

6

11.86

1.14

.076

Ø

4

4

1

.210

Ø

Access to/availability of destinations & services

 Overall access to destinations & services

12.55

38.15

0.5

<.001

P

6.93

25.57

0.5

.009

P

  Objective

3.76

12.24

0

.003

P

3.43

9.57

0

.004

P

  Perceived

8.79

25.91

0.50

.008

P

3.50

16

0.50

.277

Ø

Land-use mix—destination diversity

5.68

19.32

2

.148

Ø

1

8

2

.439

Ø

  Objective

1.17

10.83

2

.504

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

  Perceived

4.51

8.49

0

.002

P

-

-

-

-

-

Shops/commercial

9.96

57.21

0

.006

P

8.58

23.42

0

.001

P

  Objective

8.25

34.75

0

.006

P

7.08

12.92

0

<.001

P

  Perceived

1.71

21.29

0

.475

Ø

1.50

10.50

0

.422

Ø

Food outlets

0.72

21.28

1

.932

Ø

0.72

6.28

1

.873

Ø

  Objective

0.72

14.28

0

.685

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

  Perceived

0

7

1

.521

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

Education

0.31

11.69

0

.765

Ø

0.14

2.85

0

.826

Ø

  Objective

0.31

8.69

0

.727

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

  Perceived

0

3

0

1.00

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

Health & aged care

4.61

26.39

1

.275

Ø

3.61

7.39

1

.191

Ø

  Objective

4

24

1

.382

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

  Perceived

0.61

2.39

0

.290

Ø

-

-

-

-

-

Public transport

7.5

25.6

1

.013

P

5.5

11.5

1

.011

P

  Objective

6.50

12.50

0

.004

P

5.50

5.50

0

<.001

P

  Perceived

1

13

1

.918

Ø

0

6

1

.501

Ø

Parks/public open space

11.29

47.54

0.17

.002

P

6.05

23.78

0.17

.014

P

  Objective

4.42

28.58

0

.083

Ø

4.42

13.58

0

.035

P

  Perceived

6.87

18.96

0.17

.003

P

1.63

10.20

0.17

.201

Ø

Recreational facilities

13.34

39.66

0

<.001

P

3.07

15.93

0

.135

Ø

  Objective

4.58

21.42

0

.092

Ø

0.29

6.71

0

.848

Ø

  Perceived

8.76

18.24

0

<.001

P

2.78

9.22

0

.050

P

Social recreational facilities

4.15

25.95

0

.105

Ø

1.5

10.5

0

.413

Ø

  Objective

3.50

14.50

0

.094

Ø

1.50

4.50

0

.291

Ø

  Perceived

0.65

11.45

0

.687

Ø

0

6

0

1.00

Ø

Infrastructure & streetscape

 Walk-friendly infrastructure

9

21.49

1.51

.009

P

5

15

0

.042

P

  Objective

5

9

0

.028

P

3

7

0

.103

Ø

  Perceived

4

12.49

1.51

.137

Ø

2

8

0

.222

Ø

 No physical barriers (e.g., hills)

5

20.40

2.61

.208

Ø

2

14.40

0.61

.384

Ø

  Objective

5

8.40

1.60

.048

P

2

4.40

0.60

.227

Ø

  Perceived

0

12

1

.629

Ø

0

10

0

1.00

Ø

 Greenery & aesthetically pleasing scenery

13.01

45.49

0.5

.004

P

10.51

19.49

0

.002

P

  Objective

3

18

0

.252

Ø

3

9

0

.199

Ø

  Perceived

10.01

27.49

0.50

.003

P

7.51

10.49

0

<.001

P

Safety

 Traffic/pedestrian safety

7

47

3

.463

Ø

5

25

3

.705

Ø

  Objective

1

13

3

.407

Ø

0

11

3

.150

Ø

  Perceived

6

34

0

.126

Ø

5

14

0

.043

P

 Crime/personal safety

20.63

50.58

3.99

<.001

P

10.49

28.01

2.5

.027

P

  Objective

4

5.50

2.50

.510

Ø

3

5

2

.627

Ø

  Perceived

16.52

44.98

1.50

<.001

P

7.49

23.01

0.50

.012

P

  1. Notes: 1Objective and self-report total PA (including total walking) combined. P = positive association; Ø = nil association; N = negative association; p = p-value; D = direction of association supported by the data; subscript “a” = fully adjusted (for sample size and article quality). In bold font: evidence of a difference between environmental measures of an association between a sufficiently studied exposure and PA variable (i.e., ≥3 articles’ reported findings on specific combinations of environmental exposure and physical activity variables)
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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