Table 3 Longitudinal associations of dietary behaviors throughout childhood (ages 4 to 11 years) with adiposity and estimated insulin resistance in early adolescence (N = 995)
| Â | Boys | Girls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||||
Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |
BMI, Z-Score | N = 502 | N = 489 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −0.22 (− 0.34, − 0.11) | − 0.18 (− 0.30, − 0.06) | − 0.13 (− 0.24, − 0.02) | −0.36 (− 0.48, − 0.24) | − 0.19 (− 0.31, − 0.07) | − 0.13 (− 0.23, − 0.02) |
Family dinner daily | − 0.03 (− 0.11, 0.04) | −0.01 (− 0.09, 0.06) | −0.01 (− 0.09, 0.06) | −0.26 (− 0.33, − 0.18) | −0.21 (− 0.29, − 0.14) | −0.17 (− 0.24, − 0.11) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | − 0.11 (− 0.19, − 0.03) | −0.07 (− 0.15, 0.02) | −0.04 (− 0.12, 0.04) | −0.29 (− 0.38, − 0.21) | −0.19 (− 0.27, − 0.10) | −0.09 (− 0.17, − 0.02) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | − 0.21 (− 0.29, − 0.13) | − 0.16 (− 0.24, − 0.08) | − 0.13 (− 0.20, − 0.05) | −0.21 (− 0.29, − 0.13) | −0.06 (− 0.14, 0.01) | −0.03 (− 0.10, 0.04) |
Waist circumference, cm | N = 504 | N = 491 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −1.29 (− 2.62, 0.03) | − 1.11 (− 2.44, 0.23) | − 0.60 (− 1.87, 0.68) | −3.98 (−5.21, − 2.74) | − 2.29 (− 3.48, − 1.10) | − 1.59 (− 2.67, − 0.51) |
Family dinner daily | 0.06 (− 0.78, 0.91) | 0.14 (− 0.69, 0.98) | 0.13 (− 0.67, 0.93) | − 2.12 (− 2.89, − 1.36) | −1.57 (− 2.29, − 0.84) | −1.14 (− 1.80, − 0.48) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | − 0.87 (− 1.80, 0.06) | − 0.71 (− 1.64, 0.22) | − 0.33 (− 1.22, 0.56) | − 3.21 (− 4.07, − 2.34) | − 2.17 (− 3.00, − 1.35) | −1.23 (− 1.99, − 0.48) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | − 2.14 (− 3.01, − 1.27) | −1.94 (− 2.82, − 1.07) | −1.55 (− 2.39, − 0.71) | −2.44 (− 3.25, − 1.64) | − 1.04 (− 1.81, − 0.26) | − 0.70 (− 1.40, 0.01) |
BI whole-body fat, % | N = 499 | N = 483 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −1.94 (− 2.98, − 0.90) | −1.38 (− 2.42, − 0.34) | − 0.94 (− 1.92, 0.05) | −3.63 (− 4.69, − 2.57) | −1.98 (− 2.98, − 0.97) | −1.47 (− 2.39, − 0.54) |
Family dinner daily | − 0.08 (− 0.75, 0.58) | 0.11 (− 0.54, 0.77) | 0.09 (− 0.53, 0.71) | − 2.17 (− 2.83, − 1.51) | −1.66 (− 2.28, − 1.04) | −1.34 (− 1.91, − 0.77) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | − 0.91 (− 1.64, − 0.18) | − 0.46 (− 1.19, 0.27) | −0.14 (− 0.82, 0.55) | −2.43 (− 3.17, − 1.68) | −1.39 (− 2.09, − 0.69) | − 0.64 (− 1.29, 0.01) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | − 2.09 (− 2.77, − 1.41) | −1.66 (− 2.35, − 0.98) | −1.33 (− 1.98, − 0.69) | −2.32 (− 3.01, − 1.62) | −0.98 (− 1.64, − 0.32) | −0.74 (− 1.35, − 0.14) |
DXA whole-body fat, % | N = 355 | N = 366 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −1.78 (− 2.80, − 0.76) | −1.75 (− 2.78, − 0.72) | −1.43 (− 2.42, − 0.45) | −2.34 (− 3.21, − 1.47) | − 1.93 (− 2.77, − 1.09) | −1.47 (− 2.25, − 0.68) |
Family dinner daily | −0.10 (− 0.77, 0.57) | −0.04 (− 0.71, 0.63) | −0.16 (− 0.80, 0.48) | −0.59 (− 1.14, − 0.04) | −0.49 (− 1.02, 0.03) | −0.29 (− 0.78, 0.19) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | − 0.07 (− 0.79, 0.65) | −0.01 (− 0.73, 0.72) | 0.21 (− 0.48, 0.90) | −1.78 (− 2.40, − 1.15) | −1.28 (− 1.88, − 0.68) | −0.89 (− 1.45, − 0.33) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | − 1.30 (− 1.99, − 0.62) | −1.25 (− 1.94, − 0.55) | −1.10 (− 1.77, − 0.44) | −0.88 (− 1.46, − 0.30) | −0.39 (− 0.95, 0.17) | −0.15 (− 0.67, 0.37) |
DXA trunk fat mass, kg | N = 355 | N = 366 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −0.65 (− 1.16, − 0.15) | −0.57 (− 1.08, − 0.06) | −0.40 (− 0.88, 0.08) | −1.78 (− 2.26, − 1.29) | −1.23 (− 1.69, − 0.78) | − 0.92 (− 1.33, − 0.51) |
Family dinner daily | 0.13 (−0.20, 0.46) | 0.16 (− 0.16, 0.49) | 0.10 (− 0.21, 0.41) | −0.60 (− 0.91, − 0.30) | −0.45 (− 0.74, − 0.16) | −0.32 (− 0.57, − 0.06) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | −0.10 (− 0.45, 0.26) | −0.01 (− 0.36, 0.35) | 0.11 (− 0.22, 0.44) | − 1.29 (− 1.64, − 0.94) | −0.86 (− 1.19, − 0.53) | −0.60 (− 0.90, − 0.31) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | −0.71 (− 1.05, − 0.38) | −0.63 (− 0.97, − 0.29) | −0.56 (− 0.88, − 0.23) | −0.74 (− 1.06, − 0.42) | −0.31 (− 0.61, 0.00) | −0.15 (− 0.42, 0.12) |
Trunk to peripheral fat ratio | N = 355 | N = 366 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −0.02 (− 0.04, − 0.01) | −0.02 (− 0.04, − 0.01) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.06 (− 0.08, − 0.05) | −0.06 (− 0.07, − 0.04) | −0.05 (− 0.06, − 0.03) |
Family dinner daily | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00) | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.00) | −0.04 (− 0.05, − 0.03) | −0.03 (− 0.04, − 0.02) | −0.03 (− 0.04, − 0.02) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.03 (− 0.04, − 0.02) | −0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01) | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.00) |
| Â | % difference (95% CI) | % difference (95% CI) | ||||
HOMA-IR | N = 304 | N = 275 | ||||
Eating breakfast daily | −20.1 (− 26.8, − 12.9) | −17.7 (− 24.7, − 10.1) | − 15.6 (− 22.7, − 7.9) | − 17.1 (− 23.8, − 9.7) | −9.2 (− 16.5, − 1.2) | −7.8 (− 15.1, 0.1) |
Family dinner daily | −8.0 (− 13.2, − 2.6) | −6.8 (− 12.0, − 1.3) | −7.3 (− 12.4, − 1.8) | −7.0 (− 12.0, − 1.7) | − 3.1 (− 8.2, 2.2) | − 3.2 (− 8.1, 2.1) |
Fast food restaurant < 1/wk | − 10.1 (− 15.5, − 4.3) | −8.3 (− 13.9, − 2.4) | − 7.6 (− 13.2, − 1.7) | −13.3 (− 18.5, − 7.7) | −8.5 (− 13.8, − 2.8) | −6.6 (− 12.0, − 0.9) |
Eating meals while watching television < 1/wk | − 13.9 (− 18.9, − 8.6) | − 11.7 (− 16.8, − 6.2) | −10.7 (− 15.8, − 5.2) | −3.4 (− 8.8, 2.3) | 3.1 (−2.5, 9.1) | 3.7 (− 1.8, 9.6) |