Characteristics | Total na | Control (n = 80) | Exercise (n = 79) | Nutrition (n = 83) | Combination (n = 77) | p-values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 319 | 72.5 ± 5.5 | 72.0 ± 6.0 | 70.4 ± 5.3 | 71.6 ± 6.0 | 0.101 |
Sex (women) | 319 | 29 (36.3) | 33 (41.8) | 38 (45.8) | 27 (35.1) | 0.474 |
Education (>  6 years) | 319 | 45 (56.3) | 42 (53.2) | 45 (54.2) | 44 (57.1) | 0.957 |
ADL dependency (<  60 points) | 319 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | 0.740 |
GDS (scores) | 319 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.441 |
SF-12 MCS (scores) | 318 | 53.8 ± 7.9 | 53.9 ± 8.1 | 53.4 ± 7.8 | 55.8 ± 7.0 | 0.404 |
MMSE (scores) | 319 | 27.7 ± 1.9 | 27.6 ± 2.3 | 27.4 ± 2.2 | 27.6 ± 2.4 | 0.781 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 319 | 25.1 ± 3.5 | 25.1 ± 3.3 | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 0.293 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 318 | 25.0 ± 7.8 | 24.5 ± 7.7 | 24.9 ± 9.2 | 26.9 ± 8.5 | 0.275 |
10-m gait speed (seconds) | 319 | 10. 7 ± 3.2 | 12.5 ± 7.7 | 13.0 ± 7.4 | 11.4 ± 4.3 | 0.103 |
Upper body flexibility (cm) | 298 | −13.9 ± 12.3 | − 12.9 ± 16.7 | −13.2 ± 12.0 | − 12.4 ± 12.5 | 0.699 |
Lower body flexibility (cm) | 304 | −4.6 ± 8.9 | − 2.9 ± 8.5 | −5.2 ± 8.1 | −3.3 ± 7.6 | 0.015 |
Lower extremity strength (number) | 264 | 1.6 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 5.2 | 2.0 ± 3.3 | 3.8 ± 4.3 | <  0.001 |
Frailty score | 319 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.687 |
Frailty status | 319 | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.287 |
 Pre-frail |  | 74 (92.5) | 68 (86.1) | 72 (86.7) | 72 (93.5) |  |
 Frail |  | 6 (7.5) | 11 (13.9) | 11 (13.3) | 5 (6.5) |  |
Frailty five indicators | ||||||
 Weight loss ≥3 kg | 318 | 27 (33.8) | 23 (29.1) | 24 (28.9) | 21 (27.6) | 0.846 |
 Exhaustion | 319 | 56 (70.0) | 55 (69.6) | 63 (75.9) | 57 (74.0) | 0.766 |
 Poor muscle strength | 318 | 26 (32.5) | 28 (35.4) | 23 (28.1) | 21 (27.3) | 0.649 |
 Slowness | 319 | 8 (10.0) | 13 (16.5) | 17 (20.5) | 11 (14.3) | 0.310 |
 Low physical activity | 316 | 4 (5.0) | 9 (11.5) | 11 (13.4) | 7 (9.2) | 0.309 |
Comorbidity | ||||||
 Hypertension | 318 | 52 (65.0) | 51 (64.6) | 58 (69.9) | 56 (73.7) | 0.567 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 318 | 28 (35.0) | 39 (49.4) | 24 (28.9) | 20 (26.3) | 0.012 |
 Myocardial infraction | 318 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.367 |
 Stroke | 318 | 7 (8.8) | 13 (16.5) | 6 (7.2) | 6 (7.9) | 0.183 |
 Cancer | 318 | 2 (2.5) | 4 (5.1) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.581 |