Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Intervention effects on frailty score during the 6-month study period

		Mean ± SD				Difference in difference: change from baseline in each intervention group minus change from baseline in control group (95% CI)			p for groups × time interaction	p for groups	p for time
Outcome		Control	Exercise	Nutrition	Combination	Exercise	Nutrition	Combination	p for groups × time interaction	p for groups	p for time
Frailty score (scores)	n	80	79	83	77				< 0.001	0.402	< 0.001
	Baseline	1.5 ± 0.6	1.6 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.8	1.5 ± 0.7
	1 month	1.4 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.8	−0.06 (−0.24, 0.11)	0.10 (− 0.08, 0.28)	− 0.07(− 0.25, 0.11)
	3 months	1.3 ± 0.8	1.5 ± 0.9	1.4 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.7	0.11 (− 0.07, 0.29)	− 0.06 (− 0.24, 0.11)	− 0.03 (− 0.21, 0.15)
	6 months	1.4 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.9	1.1 ± 0.8	− 0.23 (− 0.41, − 0.05)^a	−0.28 (− 0.46, − 0.11)^a	−0.34 (− 0.52, − 0.16)^a

CI confidence interval; ^aPairwise comparisons (interventions vs. control) were significant at the post hoc significance level of 0.017

ISSN: 1479-5868