|  | Mean ± SD | Difference in difference: change from baseline in each intervention group minus change from baseline in control group (95% CI) | p for groups × time interaction | p for groups | p for time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | Â | Control | Exercise | Nutrition | Combination | Exercise | Nutrition | Combination | |||
Handgrip strength (kg) | n | 80 | 79 | 82 | 77 |  |  |  | 0.004 | 0.023 | <  0.001 |
Baseline | 25.0 ± 7.8 | 24.5 ± 7.7 | 24.9 ± 9.2 | 26.9 ± 8.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | 25.1 ± 7.8 | 25.4 ± 8.6 | 24.9 ± 9.2 | 27.6 ± 8.4 | 0.91 (0.06, 1.75) | −0.05 (− 0.89, 0.78) | 0.65 (− 0.19, 1.50) |  |  |  | |
3 months | 25.1 ± 7.7 | 25.6 ± 8.8 | 25.8 ± 9.1 | 27.8 ± 8.5 | 1.10 (0.25, 1.94)a | 0.83 (− 0.01, 1.66) | 0.81 (− 0.04, 1.66) |  |  |  | |
6 months | 25.3 ± 7.7 | 26.7 ± 8.7 | 26.3 ± 8.9 | 28.5 ± 8.7 | 2.00 (1.16, 2.84)a | 1.09 (0.26, 1.93)a | 1.30 (0.45, 2.14)a |  |  |  | |
10-m gait speed (seconds) | n | 80 | 79 | 83 | 77 |  |  |  | 0.159 | 0.226 | <  0.001 |
Baseline | 10.7 ± 3.2 | 12.5 ± 7.7 | 13.0 ± 7.4 | 11.4 ± 4.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | 10.6 ± 3.2 | 12.2 ± 8.1 | 12.4 ± 6.9 | 11.1 ± 4.0 | −0.21 (− 0.78, 0.35) | − 0.48 (−1.04, 0.08) | − 0.20 (− 0.77, 0.37) |  |  |  | |
3 months | 10.6 ± 3.3 | 12.3 ± 8.5 | 12.4 ± 6.8 | 10.9 ± 3.8 | − 0.14 (− 0.70, 0.43) | − 0.56 (− 1.12, 0.003) | − 0.49 (− 1.06, 0.08) |  |  |  | |
6 months | 10.8 ± 3.4 | 12.1 ± 8.1 | 12.3 ± 6.5 | 10.7 ± 3.4 | −0.41 (− 0.98, 0.16) | − 0.81 (− 1.37, − 0.25)a | −0.81 (− 1.38, − 0.24)a |  |  |  | |
Upper body flexibility (cm) | n | 76 | 73 | 76 | 73 |  |  |  | <  0.001 | 0.020 | 0.408 |
Baseline | −13.9 ± 12.3 | − 12.9 ± 16.7 | −13.2 ± 12.0 | −12.4 ± 12.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | −14.6 ± 12.2 | − 13.1 ± 14.5 | −13.1 ± 12.4 | −11.4 ± 12.4 | 0.49 (− 1.62, 2.60) | 0.82 (− 1.27, 2.90) | 1.71 (−0.40, 3.82) |  |  |  | |
3 months | −15.8 ± 10.0 | − 12.2 ± 13.3 | −14.5 ± 10.0 | −11.3 ± 13.3 | 2.54 (0.43, 4.65) | 0.54 (− 1.55, 2.63) | 3.07 (0.96, 5.18)a |  |  |  | |
6 months | −16.9 ± 10.5 | −10.6 ± 12.7 | −14.3 ± 10.3 | −10.5 ± 12.5 | 5.21 (3.10, 7.31)a | 1.86 (− 0.23, 3.94) | 4.92 (2.81, 7.03)a |  |  |  | |
Lower body flexibility (cm) | n | 76 | 75 | 79 | 74 | Â | Â | Â | 0.037 | 0.020 | 0.810 |
Baseline | −4.6 ± 8.9 | −2.9 ± 8.5 | −5.2 ± 8.1 | −3.3 ± 7.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | −5.5 ± 8.2 | −2.1 ± 8.5 | −5.4 ± 7.5 | −3.0 ± 7.4 | 1.76 (0.39, 3.13)a | 0.69 (−0.66, 2.05) | 1.27 (−0.11, 2.65) |  |  |  | |
3 months | −5.5 ± 7.9 | −2.0 ± 8.6 | −5.6 ± 7.3 | −2.2 ± 6.8 | 1.76 (0.39, 3.14)a | 0.45 (−0.90, 1.81) | 2.00 (0.63, 3.38)a |  |  |  | |
6 months | −5.8 ± 8.1 | −1.8 ± 9.0 | −6.0 ± 7.4 | −2.3 ± 7.2 | 2.33 (0.96, 3.70)a | 0.39 (−0.97, 1.74) | 2.17 (0.79, 3.55)a |  |  |  | |
Lower extremity strength (number) | n | 69 | 61 | 70 | 64 |  |  |  | <  0.001 | <  0.001 | <  0.001 |
Baseline | 1.6 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 5.2 | 2.0 ± 3.3 | 3.8 ± 4.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | 1.8 ± 3.1 | 5.3 ± 6.0 | 2.1 ± 3.5 | 5.7 ± 6.0 | 1.25 (0.30, 2.21)a | −0.07 (−1.00, 0.85) | 1.70 (0.76, 2.65)a |  |  |  | |
3 months | 1.8 ± 3.0 | 5.8 ± 5.8 | 2.0 ± 3.4 | 6.9 ± 6.6 | 1.74 (0.78, 2.70)a | −0.12 (−1.04, 0.81) | 2.93 (1.99, 3.88)a |  |  |  | |
6 months | 1.7 ± 2.9 | 6.9 ± 6.7 | 2.4 ± 3.5 | 8.0 ± 7.0 | 2.95 (1.99, 3.90)a | 0.34 (−0.58, 1.26) | 4.05 (3.11, 5.00)a |  |  |  | |
GDS (scores) | n | 80 | 79 | 83 | 77 | Â | Â | Â | 0.497 | 0.343 | 0.255 |
Baseline | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 1.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | −0.19 (−0.62, 0.25) | −0.20 (− 0.63, 0.23) | − 0.32 (− 0.76, 0.12) |  |  |  | |
3 months | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | − 0.15 (− 0.58, 0.29) | −0.45 (− 0.89, − 0.02) | −0.37 (− 0.81, 0.07) |  |  |  | |
6 months | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | −0.43 (− 0.86, 0.01) | − 0.42 (− 0.85, 0.01) | −0.38 (− 0.82, 0.06) |  |  |  | |
SF-12 MCS (scores) | n | 80 | 79 | 83 | 76 |  |  |  | 0.567 | 0.624 | <  0.001 |
Baseline | 53.8 ± 7.9 | 53.9 ± 8.1 | 53.4 ± 7.8 | 55.8 ± 7.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
1 month | 54.5 ± 7.7 | 54.4 ± 8.3 | 53.9 ± 8.0 | 56.3 ± 6.7 | −0.22 (−1.87, 1.43) | −0.24 (−1.87, 1.39) | − 0.22 (− 1.89, 1.44) |  |  |  | |
3 months | 54.0 ± 7.7 | 55.2 ± 7.9 | 55.0 ± 6.1 | 57.0 ± 6.3 | 1.09 (− 0.56, 2.74) | 1.33 (− 0.30, 2.96) | 0.94 (− 0.73, 2.60) |  |  |  | |
6 months | 54.3 ± 7.1 | 55.9 ± 6.9 | 56.0 ± 5.9 | 57.3 ± 6.6 | 1.58 (−0.07, 3.23) | 2.12 (0.49, 3.75)a | 1.05 (−0.61, 2.72) |  |  |  |