Effects of eating with an augmented fork with vibrotactile feedback on eating rate and body weight: a randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Bite rate, Success Ratio, and BMI at baseline, T2¹, and T3¹ of the three different intervention groups with p–values for Phase (T1, T2, or T3), Condition (NFC, VFC, or VFC+), and PhaseCondition^; for number of observations see the flowchart. Mean ± SD

	NFC	VFC	VFC+	Phase	Condition	Phase x condition p-value*
Bite Rate (bites/min):
Baseline	6.4 ± 0.3^a	6.2 ± 0.3^a	5.9 ± 0.3^a
T2	5.6 ± 0.3^b	4.4 ± 0.3^b†	4.1 ± 0.4^b†
T3	6.2 ± 0.4^b	4.9 ± 0.3^b†	4.6 ± 0.4^b†	*.02*	*< .0001*	*< .01*
Success ratio (%):
Baseline	45.2 ± 2.9^a	43.2 ± 2.7^a	45.4 ± 3.0^a
T2	44.3 ± 3.0^a	65.3 ± 2.8^b†	68.2 ± 3.1^b†
T3	42.2 ± 3.2^a	55.3 ± 3.0^c†	57.5 ± 3.1^c†	*0.002*	*< .0001*	*< .0001*
BMI (kg/m²):
Baseline	31.7 ± 0.8^a	31.1 ± 0.7^a	31.6 ± 0.8^a
T2	31.9 ± 0.8^a	30.6 ± 0.7^b†	31.2 ± 0.8^b†
T3	31.3 ± 0.8^a	30.3 ± 0.7^c†	30.9 ± 0.8^c†	*< .0001*	.64	*.019*

1 NFC no feedback condition, VFC vibrotactile feedback condition, VFC+ vibrotactile + visual feedback condition
T1: baseline measurement before the intervention period; T2: follow-up measurement directly after the intervention period; T3: follow-up measurement eight weeks after the intervention period
* p-values Mixed model ANOVA, fixed factors: phase of the study, condition, phase*condition, random factor: subject. Boldface: significant at at least p < .05
Columns with different letters are significantly different (at least p < 0.05)
Rows with different symbols are significantly different (at least p < 0.05)

ISSN: 1479-5868