Table 3 Intervention components and intervention effectiveness

Adamo et al. (2017) [51]

Childcare

Two 3-h workshop training sessions for day-care providers, a training manual and weekly schedules. Bimonthly booster sessions during regular hours.

Music developed for PA with a guidebook, starter kit of equipment.

0

ES: 0; 0.39

0

ES: 0

0

ES: 0

NA

Parental

Two online training sessions (webinars) or hard copies of training material;

ABC Child activities Booklet and bi-weekly postcards.

Cespedes et al. (2013) [37]

Childcare

Teacher training sessions; personalized working sessions with a research supervisor and a teacher’s guide;

Classroom educational and playful activities (storybooks, posters, videos, games and songs).

0

ES: −0.59

NA

NA

NA

0

NA

NA

NA

Parental

3 workshops, healthy notes.

Cruz et al. (2015) [52]

Childcare

Policy changes on food menu

Professional development for teachers through training sessions

New equipment for the classroom;

F&V in school menu.

NA

+/0

NA

NA

Parental

Take-home materials.

Family events.

Community

Increase availability and visibility of healthier food options at grocery stores;

Provision of recipes and nutrient-related information to families.

Davis et al. (2016) [56]

Childcare

Policy changes on food menu

Professional development for teachers through training sessions

New equipment for the classroom;

F&V in school menu.

0

ES: 0.04

NA

NA

NA

Parental

Take-home materials.

Family events.

Community

Increase availability and visibility of healthier food options at grocery stores;

Provision of recipes and nutrient-related information to families.

De Bock et al. (2013) [38]

Childcare

Twice-weekly 1-h gym class delivered by external gym trainers.

In collaboration with parents 4 various projects were chosen to be implemented at the preschool.

0

ES: 0.01

+/0

ES: 0.06; 0.08

+

ES: −0.06

NA

Parent

Parents were actively involved with project list development and selection of the projects to be implemented.

Gao et al. (2016) [53]

Childcare

Monthly education.

Illustrated book;

Series of promotional pictures.

NA

NA

NA

+

Parent

Monthly parent-child education (at least 8 lectures or activities);

Pamphlets.

Illustrated book.

Hu et al. (2016) [54]

Childcare

Monthly education.

Illustrated book;

Series of promotional pictures.

NR

NA

NA

+/0

Parent

Monthly parent-child education (at least 8 lectures or activities);

Pamphlets.

Illustrated book.

Kaufman-Shriqui et al. (2016) [39]

Childcare

Teacher training;

Nutritional lessons;

PA curriculum (also in control group).

NR

+

ES: 0.18

+

ES:-0.4

+/0

ES: NA

NR

NR

NR

+/0

Parent

Two meetings for mothers only, one meeting for mothers and children;

Weekly newsletter.

Klein et al. (2015) [40]

Childcare

KIMO&NF: single information session on healthy lifestyle.

NF: one physical education class of 60 min per week for 6 months.

+

ES: −0.19; − 0.12

+/−/0

ES: 0.02; 0.37

NA

NA

Parent

KIMO&NF: single information session on healthy lifestyle, individual fitness passes with test results.

Lumeng et al. (2017) [41]

Childcare

POPS:

Lessons using children’s stories.

POPs+ IYS:

Sixty 15–20 min lessons during ‘circle time’ followed by small group activities.

0

ES: −0.12; 0

0

ES: − 0.08; 0.12

0

ES: − 0.17; 0.03

+/0

− 0.32; 0.10

Parent

POPS:

Eight 75-min weekly lessons with reinforcing telephone contacts.

POPS+IYS:

2-h lessons for 12–14 weeks or 10 home visits, homework and follow-up phone calls.

Natale, Lopez-Mitnik et al. (2014) [42]

Childcare

Development of nutrition and PA policies

Two trainings for teachers and staff;

Weekly technical assistance visit.

Modifying menus to fit the new policies.

0

ES:-0.04

0

ES: NA

+

+

Parent

Monthly educational dinner.

Receiving healthy snack bag after completion of at-home activities.

Natale, Messiah et al. (2014) [55]

Childcare

Drink policy

Snack policy

Physical activity policy

Screen time policy

Six monthly trainings;

Child curriculum;

Weekly technical assistance for child curriculum.

Food tastings

Music and movement CDs, rainy day activities and equipment.

NA

NA

+

+

Parent

Six monthly trainings.

Natale et al. (2017) [57]

Childcare

Drink policy

Snack policy

Physical activity policy

Screen time policy

Six monthly trainings;

Child curriculum;

Weekly technical assistance for child curriculum.

Food tastings

Music and movement CDs, rainy day activities and equipment.

+

NA

NA

0

Parent

Six monthly trainings.

Nyberg et al. (2015) [43]

Childcare

Ten 30-min teacher-led sessions with teacher manual and workbook

Tool-box and extra educational materials.

0

ES: −0.04

0

ES: −0.33; − 0.12

0

ES: 0.06; 0.07

0

ES: − 0.88; 0.40

0

0

ES: − 0.18; 0.07

0

ES:-0.14; − 0.13

0

ES: −1.35; 0.61

Parent

Brochure;

Two motivational interviewing sessions;

Homework assignments for the children.

Nyberg et al. (2016) [44]

Childcare

Ten 30-min teacher-led sessions with teacher manual and workbook.

Tool-box and extra educational materials.

0

ES: −0.02

0

ES: − 0.16; − 0.06

0

ES: − 0.03; 0.03

+/0

ES: − 1.06; 0.20;

0

ES: 0.01

0

ES − 0.18; − 0.15

+/0

ES: − 0.22; − 0.21

0

ES: − 0.82; 0.03

Parent

Brochure;

One group meeting at school to discuss the brochure;

Two individual sessions of MI;

Homework assignments for the children.

Puder et al. (2011) [45]

Childcare

Two teacher workshops;

PA lessons 4 times per week (first by HP and taken over by PT);

Weekly nutrition lessons; extracurricular PA activities.

Additional sports equipment for the PA lessons;

Infrastructural changes in the building.

+/0

ES: −0.23; 0.07

+/0

ES: − 0.13; 0.22

+

+

Parent

PA and nutrition card that the child took home; morning event; three information evenings; information booklet.

CD with music for the PA cards.

Roth et al. (2015) [46]

Childcare

Daily 30-min PA lessons provided by PT;

Two afternoon workshops; supervision visits; Cards with educational content to help teachers plan and realise PA lessons.

0

ES: −0.06; 0.023

+/0

ES: − 0.13; 0.20

NA

NA

0

ES: 0.03; 0.05

+/0

ES: −0.05; 0.23

NA

NA

Parent

Three educational seminars;

Booklet on healthy eating, PA; booklets and letter on the content of the seminars

Homework cards with activity games and motor tasks.

Story et al. (2012) [47]

Childcare

School PE, class walks outdoors, in-class action breaks, and active recess;

Training of PE teachers;

Training of school food-service staff; teacher training.

‘Action toolbox’; playground equipment; non-food rewards for classroom performance.

+/0

ES: −0.24; 0.07

0

ES: NA

NA

+/0

ES:-2.22; 1.40

Parent

Three family night events; motivational encouragement telephone calls; quarterly newsletter.

Take-home incentives related to PA or nutrition.

Wasenius et al. (2018) [58]

Childcare

Two 3-h workshop training sessions for day-care providers, a training manual and weekly schedules. Bimonthly booster sessions during regular hours.

Music developed for PA with a guidebook, starter kit of equipment.

NR

+/0

ES: 0.53; 1.49

NA

NA

Parent

Two online training sessions (webinars) or hard copies of training material;

ABC Child activities Booklet and bi-weekly postcards.

Williams et al. (2014) [48]

Childcare

Policy improvement to enhance nutrition.

Two classes for staff;

30 min lessons for children (selected six out of ten possible modules).

NA

NA

NA

+/0

ES: 0; 0.18

Parent

30–60 min parent classes (the same selected six out of ten possible modules).

take-home materials and activities.

Yin et al. (2012) [49]

Childcare

Teacher training to implement a gross motor skills program during daily outdoor play; provision of structured play activities the first 15–20 min of outdoor play; Sesame Street Workshop Healthy Habits for Life (HHL, nine modules); food-tasting activities and contests; 6-h initial training of staff with follow-up trainings.

Activity cards and equipment for the motor skills program; children’s storybooks with nutrition and PA themes

0

ES: − 0.04

+

ES: 0.03

NA

+/0

ES: NA

Parent

Eight newsletters about HHL; parent delivered poster sessions at dismissal time; information scavenger hunt.

Take-home bag with a storybook, family activities and an interactive game; healthy snack for the child after viewing the posters.

Zhou et al. (2014) [50]

Childcare

Policy related to outdoor play time and physical education.

Bi-weekly 60-min training sessions (to 20 h); physical education curriculum for outdoor play period; two training sessions (3 h) for food services workers.

Portable play equipment; poster of children playing on the outside walls; game markings on the outdoor playground and indoor play space; permanent markings for skipping and hopping both indoors and outdoors.

0

ES: − 0.61; 0.32

+

ES: − 0.55; 0.45

NA

NA

Parent

Monthly health education seminars; 12 monthly newsletters; interactive website; family events for both parent and child.

Community

Training of neighbourhood associations staff; neighbourhood events; hosting sports day for families.

Renovation of neighbourhood playgrounds; installation of child’s play equipment