From: Modifiable factors which predict children’s gross motor competence: a prospective cohort study
Predictors of object control skill (potential range 0–48) at each age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Child and family behaviours | Child at 4 months (n = 256) β (95% CI) | Child at 9 months (n = 259) β (95% CI) | Child at 19 months (n = 195)b β (95% CI) | Child at 3.5 years (n = 178) β (95% CI) |
Child behaviours | ||||
Time spent being physically active with mum | ||||
Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Middle tertile | 0.15 (− 1.89, 2.20) | 0.44 (− 1.49, 2.37) | −0.50 (− 2.78, 1.76) | 0.83 (− 2.89, 1.23) |
Highest tertile | −1.94 (− 4.56, 0.69) | −1.44 (− 3.64, 0.77) | −1.49 (− 4.22, 1.23) | −1.30 (− 3.89, 1.13) |
Time spent having tummy time | ||||
Lowest tertile | Ref. | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Middle tertile | 0.81 (−1.20, 2.81) | – | – | – |
Highest tertile | 1.71 (−0.52, 3.94) | – | – | – |
Time spent on the floorc | ||||
Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Middle tertile | −0.48 (− 2.64, 1.68) | 0.25 (−1.71, 2.19) | 2.55 (0.34, 4.76) | −0.91 (− 3.12, 1.31) |
Highest tertile | 0.98 (−1.45, 3.41) | 0.02 (− 2.10, 2.14) | 2.47 (0.25, 4.70) | −2.14 (− 4.29, 0.01) |
Time spent with other children of a similar age | ||||
Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Middle tertile | 0.06 (−1.93, 2.06) | −0.70 (−2.53, 1.12) | − 0.87 (− 3.27, 1.53) | 1.60 (− 0.57, 3.77) |
Highest tertile | 0.69 (− 1.43, 2.80) | − 0.54 (− 2.68, 1.60) | 0.11 (− 2.18, 2.41) | 1.31 (− 1.07, 3.67) |
Time spent with older children | ||||
Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Middle tertile | 1.35 (−0.55, 3.26) | 0.32 (−1.58, 2.22) | 2.97 (0.28, 5.66) | 0.07 (−1.99, 2.13) |
Highest tertile | 2.27 (0.21, 4.33) | 1.45 (−0.51, 3.41) | 0.73 (−1.55, 3.01) | −0.28 (−2.74, 2.19) |
Time spent outside | ||||
Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Middle tertile | −0.54 (−2.62, 1.54) | 1.03 (− 0.82, 2.88) | 0.12 (− 2.20, 2.42) | −0.30 (− 2.60, 1.99) |
Highest tertile | − 0.90 (− 2.98, 1.8) | 1.30 (− 0.79, 3.40) | 0.33 (− 2.18, 2.84) | 2.26 (− 0.17, 4.70) |
Organised activity (Ref. No) | N/A | N/A | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | – | – | −0.51 (− 2.41, 1.38) | 1.11 (−1.07, 3.29) |
Maternal beliefs | ||||
Maternal physical activity knowledge | −0.68 (−3.31, 1.94) | N/A | −0.83 (− 3.80, 2.13) | −3.05 (−5.91, − 0.19) |
Maternal physical activity views | −0.69 (− 2.90, 1.52) | N/A | 0.41 (− 2.11, 2.93) | − 0.15 (− 2.43, 2.12) |
Maternal physical activity optimism | −0.88 (− 3.07, 1.30) | −0.51 (− 2.54, 1.51) | −0.86 (− 3.09, 1.39) | 0.23 (− 1.89, 2.34) |
Maternal physical activity self-efficacy | −0.39 (− 2.48, 1.70) | −0.44 (− 2.28, 1.41) | 0.73 (− 1.59, 3.05) | 0.73 (− 1.38, 2.84) |
Maternal floor concerns | 0.19 (− 1.45, 1.83) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Parental behaviours | ||||
Parental facilitation of physical activity (mins/week) | 0.01 (−0.15, 0.18) | −0.02 (− 0.16, 0.13) | −0.03 (− 0.12, 0.06) | −0.02 (− 0.11, 0.08) |
Maternal physical activity (mins/week) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.00) | −0.00 (− 0.00, 0.00) |
Home environment | ||||
Physical activity equipment in home | 0.26 (−0.13, 0.66) | 0.83 (0.16, 1.51) | 0.21 (−0.28, 0.70) | 0.17 (0.06, 0.28) |