Isotemporal substitution of inactive time with physical activity and time in bed: cross-sectional associations with cardiometabolic health in the PREDIMED-Plus study

Table 2 Associations of total inactive time with adiposity indicators and cardio-metabolic risk factors

	Tertiles of inactive time (h/day)^a			p for trend	Continuous (per 30 min/d of inactive time)	p-value
Outcome	T1 n = 735	T2 n = 729	T3 n = 725
Anthropometric measures
BMI (kg/m²)	0 (ref.)	0.22 (−0.14;0.58)	0.90 (0.52;1.29)	< 0.001	0.11 (0.06;0.15)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	0 (ref.)	−0.05 (− 0.99;0.89)	1.97 (0.96;2.97)	< 0.001	0.26 (0.15;0.37)	< 0.001
Body Composition
Total body fat (%)	0 (ref.)	0.69 (−0.14;1.53)	1.41 (0.50;2.32)	0.002	0.17 (0.07;0.27)	0.001
VAT (Kg)	0 (ref.)	0.16 (0.00;0.31)	0.23 (0.06;0.39)	0.013	0.03 (0.01;0.05)	0.002
Total body muscle mass (%)	0 (ref.)	−0.66 (−1.46;0.14)	−1.30 (−2.17;-0.44)	0.003	− 0.16 (− 0.25;-0.06)	0.002
Clinical Parameters
HbA1c (%)	0 (ref.)	0.01 (−0.09;0.10)	0.11 (0.01;0.21)	0.032	0.02 (0.01;0.03)	< 0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)	0 (ref.)	0.08 (−3.06;3.22)	2.68 (−0.68;6.05)	0.116	0.47 (0.11;0.83)	0.010
HDL (mg/dL)	0 (ref.)	−1.02 (−2.19;0.15)	− 1.64 (− 2.89;-0.39)	0.010	−0.20 (− 0.34;-0.07)	0.003
LDL (mg/dL)	0 (ref.)	1.16 (−3.87;6.19)	− 1.23 (−6.63;4.17)	0.652	−0.19 (− 0.76;0.39)	0.526
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	0 (ref.)	8.58 (0.25;16.9)	20.0 (11.0;28.9)	< 0.001	2.15 (1.20;3.11)	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	0 (ref.)	1.43 (−0.41;3.27)	0.34 (−1.63;2.32)	0.740	−0.00 (− 0.21;0.21)	0.981
DBP (mmHg)	0 (ref.)	0.02 (−1.03;1.06)	0.74 (−0.38;1.86)	0.195	0.14 (0.02;0.26)	0.022

Values shown are β (95% CI). Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, VAT visceral adipose tissue, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between inactive time and each cardiometabolic risk outcomes, adjusting for age, sex, education level, marital status, erMedDiet, moderate-vigorous physical activity and smoking. ^a T1, Men (min 3.79 / max 7.6), Women (min 2.64 / max 7.15). T2 Men (min 7.61 / 9.34max); Women (min 7.16 / 8.73max). T3, Men (min 9.35 / 17.2 max), Women (min 8.74/ 15.15max). Tertiles were calculated using the total sample of 2189, and the sample size shown corresponds to the distribution of these 2189 individuals within tertiles; the sample size within tertiles varied for outcome variables with different total sample size. Sample sizes in tertiles of body composition variables determined by DXA were: T1, n = 225; T2, n = 219; T3, n = 218

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