Neighbourhood drivability: environmental and individual characteristics associated with car use across Europe

Table 3 Associations between individual- and neighbourhood environmental characteristics with car driving (min/week) (n = 4258)

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	B (SE)	p	B (SE)	p	B (SE)	p
Individual characteristics
Age	1.47 (0.44)	0.001			1.43 (0.44)	0.001
Gender (man)	43.2 (9.44)	< 0.001			43.1 (9.44)	< 0.001
Employment (employed)	80.1 (13.5)	0.000			80.0 (13.5)	< 0.001
Household composition (≥3)	47.4 (13.7)	0.001			45.9 (13.7)	0.001
Education (high)	−14.2 (10.2)	0.164			−14.5 (10.2)	0.156
Neighbourhood characteristics
Car road density^a			−5.16 (3.53)	0.144	−3.85 (3.42)	0.260
Residential density^b			−2.62 (1.25)	0.036	−2.47 (1.21)	0.041
Land-use mix^c			−3.82 (0.98)	0.000	−3.56 (0.95)	< 0.001
Traffic signal density^d			0.81 (1.05)	0.436	0.68 (1.01)	0.504
Parking supply^e			−0.12 (0.88)	0.890	−0.26 (0.86)	0.760
Explained variance at individual level	0.03		–		–
Explained variance at neighbourhood level	0.09		0.25		0.30
Total unexplained model variance	0.98		0.97		0.95

Model 1: Includes individual characteristics age, gender, employment, household composition and education
Model 2: Includes neighbourhood characteristics car road density, residential density, land-use mix, traffic signal density and parking supply
Model 3: Includes individual characteristics age, gender, employment, household composition and education, and neighbourhood characteristics car road density, residential density, land-use mix, traffic signal density and parking supply
^a Percentage of coverage of fast transit roads and associated land, and other roads and associated land per neighbourhood
^b Percentage of coverage of buildings devoted to residential facilities per neighbourhood
^c Entropy-score of 1) Industrial, commercial, public, military and private units, 2) Residential areas, 3) Green urban areas, and 4) Sports and leisure facilities
^d Traffic signal density (including traffic calming devices and pedestrian crossing) per street segment per neighbourhood
^e Percentage of parking lots per neighbourhood
^f Explained variance was obtained relative to the unconditional model, for model 1 residual variance (level1) and intercept variance (level 2) are presented, and for model 2 only intercept variance is presented

ISSN: 1479-5868