Table 1 Descriptive data and assessment of risk of bias of studies reviewed
From: Association between parent and child physical activity: a systematic review
Author Year Country of study | Study design | Parent-child dyads, N | Age of children | Family structure | Measurement of PAa: children/parents | Reported or calculated p-value and direction (+/−) of association between children’s and parent’s PA | Overall risk of bias across domains |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moore et al. [19] - 1991 - USA | Longitudinal | 99 | 4–7 y | Child and two biological parents | Caltrac Accelerometer/ Caltarc Accelerometer | Father-child total PA: P = 0.09 (+) | Serious |
Sallis et al. [20] - 2002 - USA | Longitudinal | 65 | 6–18 y | Non-specified | CSA model 7164 monitor/Questionnaire | Parent-daughter VPAc: P = 0.27 (+) | Critical |
Loucaides et al. [21] - 2006 - Cyprus | Cross-sectional | 36 | 10–12 y | One child and parents/guardians | Yamax digiwalker pedometer + questionnaire/Yamax digiwalker pedometer + questionnaire | Mother-child steps: P = 0.72 (−) Father-child steps P = 0.54 (+) | Serious |
Oliver et al. [22] - 2010 - New Zealand | Cross-sectional | 68 | 2–5 y | Child and primary caregivers. Triads from two-parent families. Dyads from single-parent families. | Actical accelerometer/ Actical accelerometer | Parent-child total PA: P = 0.01 (+) | Moderate |
Fisher et al. [23] - 2010 - United Kingdom | Longitudinal | 92 | 7–9 y Mb 8.31 ± 0.65 y | Children and parents | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/ Questionnaire | Parent-daughter MVPAd: P = 0.39 (+) Parent-daughter total PA: P = 0.37 (+) Parent-son MVPA: P = 0.33 (−) Parent-son total PA: P = 0.33 (−) | Critical |
Heitzler et al. [24] - 2010 - USA | Cross-sectional | 720 | 11–17 y M 14.7 ± 1.8 y | Youth and one parent/guardian | ActiGraph model 7164 accelerometer/The International Physical Activity Questionnaire | Parent-daughter MVPA: P = 0.06 (+) | Serious |
Jago et al. [13] - 2010 - United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 139 | 6 y | Children and parents | ActiGraph accelerometer/ ActiGraph accelerometer | Parent-daughter MVPA: P = 0.598 (+) Parent-son MVPA: P = 0.47 (+) | Moderate |
Fuemmeler et al. [25] - 2011 - USA | Cross-sectional | 45 | 9–11 y M girls 10.6 ± 0.63 y M boys 10.6 ± 0.76 y | Child and mother and father | MTI ActiGraph accelerometer/ MTI ActiGraph accelerometer | Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.01 (+) Father-child MVPA: P = 0.02 (+) | Serious |
Jacobi et al. [26] - 2011 - France | Cross-sectional | 265 | 8–16 y | Children and father and/or mother | Yamax Digiwalker DW 450 Pedometer/Yamax Digiwalker DW 450 Pedometer + questionnaire | Mother-child steps: P = 0.00 (+) Father-child steps: P = 0.39 (+) | Serious |
Ruiz et al. [27] - 2011 - USA | Cross-sectional | 80 | 3–5 y M 4.2 ± 0.9 y | Children and parent/legal guardian | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer | Parent-child MVPA: P = 0.0001 (+) Parent-child VPA: P = 0.56 (−) | Moderate |
O’Dwyer et al. [28] - 2012 - Ireland/United Kingdom | Longitudinal | 58 | 3–4.9 y M 3.7 y | Children and parents | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer + a short version of Pre-PAQ questionnaire | Parent-child total PA: P = 0.00 (+) | Low |
Craig et al. [29] - 2013 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 283 | 5–19 y M girls 11.4 ± 0.5 y M boys 12.3 ± 0.4 y | Child and a responder 20 years of age or older who was identified as a parent or legal guardian | Pedometer (not specified)/Pedometer (not specified) | Mother-daughter steps: P = 0.03 (+) Mother-son steps: P = 0.00 (+) Father-daughter steps: P = 0.02 (+) Father-son steps: P = 0.05 (+) | Serious |
Hnatiuk et al. [30] - 2013 - Australia | Longitudinal | 153 | 3.5–18.7 months M T1: 3.5 ± 1.0 months M T2: 8.8 ± 1.0 months M T3: 18.7 ± 2.0 months | Child-parent dyads | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/The Active Australia Survey | Mother-child LPAe: P = 0.00 (−) | Serious |
Hesketh et al. [31] - 2014 - United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 554 | 4 y M 4.1 ± 0.1 y | Mother and child | Actiheart monitor/Actiheart monitor + questionnaire | Mother-child LPA: P = 0.00 (+) | Moderate |
Lloyd et al. [32] - 2014 - Australia | Cross-sectional | 70 | 5–12 yM 8.4 ± 2.4 y | Oldest child and mother and/or father | Yamax 200 pedometer/ Yamax 200 pedometer | Father-child steps: P = 0.07 (+) | Serious |
Jago et al. [33] - 2014 - United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 651 | 5–6 y M girls 6.0 ± 0.42 y M boys 6.0 ± 0.41 y | Children and at least one parent/caregiver | ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer/ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer | Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.01 (+) Father-child MVPA: P = 0.07 (+) | Moderate |
Sigmundová et al. [34] - 2014 - Czech Republic | Cross-sectional | 245 | 9–12 y M girls 10.44 ± 1.33 y M boys 10.57 ± 1.26 y | Children and parents | Yamax pedometer/Yamax pedometer | Parent-child steps: P = 0.00 (+) | Serious |
Duncan et al. [35] - 2015 - USA | Cross-sectional | 372 | 10–14 y M 12.06 ± 1.69 y | Families with a girl | ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer/Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | Parent-daughter MVPA: (African) P = 0.00 (+) (Latino) P = 0.28 (+) (White) P = 0.28 (+) | Critical |
Tu et al. [36] - 2015 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 98 | 11–16 y M 13.1 ± 1.8 y | One child and one parent | ActiGraph GT3X/GT3X+ accelerometer/ActiGraph GT3X/GT3X+ accelerometer | Father-child MVPA: P = 0.00 (+) | Moderate |
Tate et al. [37] - 2015 - USA | Cross sectional | 493 | 8–14 y M 11.33 ± 1.49 y | One child and one parent | ActiGraph GT2M accelerometer/ActiGraph GT2M accelerometer | Parent-child MVPA: P = 0.00 (+) | Critical |
Sijtsma et al. [38] - 2015 - Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 230 | 2–5 y M 3.7 ± 0.6 y | Children and parents | TracmorD accelerometer/SQUASH questionnaire | Mother-child total PA: P = 0.14 (+) Mother-child MPA: P = 0.40 (+) Father-child total PA: P = 0.32 (+) Father-child MPA: P = 0.40 (+) | Moderate |
Sigmund et al. [39] - 2015 - Czech Republic | Cross-sectional | 245 | 9–12 y M girls 10.44 ± 1.33 y M boys 10.57 ± 1.26 y | Children and parents | Yamax pedometer/Yamax pedometer | Mother-daughter steps: P = 0.00 (+) Mother-son steps: P = 0.00 (+) Father-daughter steps: P = 0.00 (+) Father-son steps: P = 0.00 (+) | Serious |
Hnatiuk et al. [40] - 2016 - Australia | Cross-sectional | 127 | 3–4 y | One child and one parent | Actiheart monitors/Questionnaire | Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.37 (−) Mother-child LPA: P = 0.01 (+) | Critical |
Abbott et al. [41] - 2016 - Australia | Cross-sectional | 450 | 3–5 y M T1: 4.6 y M T2: 7.6 y | Children and both parents | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/ The Active Australia Survey | Mother-daughter MVPA: P = 0.29 (+) Mother-son MVPA: P = 0.05 (+) Father-daughter MVPA: P = 0.79 (+) Father-son MVPA: P = 0.85 (−) | Serious |
Stearns et al. [42] - 2016 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 440 | 7–8 y | Children and parents | Unsealed Steps Count (SC)-T2 pedometer/ Unsealed Steps Count (SC)-T2 pedometer + The Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire | Parent-child steps: P = 0.36 (+) | Serious |
McMurray et al. [43] - 2016 - USA | Cross-sectional | 199 | 7–10 y M 9.0 ± 0.9 y | One child and one parent/legal guardian | Actical accelerometer/ Actical accelerometer | Father-child MVPA: P = 0.009 (+) | Moderate |
Solomon-Moore et al. [44] - 2017 - United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | 1067 | 5–6 y M 6.01 ± 0.42 y | Children and parents | ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer/ ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer | Parent-child total PA: P = 0.005 (+) | Serious |
Garriguet et al. [45] - 2017 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 1328 | 6–11 y M 8 y | Biological parent-child dyad | Actical accelerometer/Actical accelerometer + The Canadian Health Survey | Parent-daughter MVPA: P = 0.00 (+) Parent-son MVPA: P = 0.10 (+) | Moderate |
Brown et al. [46] - 2017 - United Kingdom | Longitudinal | 406 | 9–10 y M 10.2 ± 0.3 y M follow-up 14.3 ± 0.3 y | Child and parents | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/ ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer | Father-child total PA: P = 0.30 (−) | Moderate |
Song et al. [47]- 2017 - USA | Cross-sectional | 55 | 3–5.99 y 10–12.99 y | Children and mothers | ActiGraph wGT3X accelerometer/ActiGraph wGT3X accelerometer + The Canadian Health Survey | Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.01 (+) | Moderate |
Chiarlitti et al. [48] - 2017 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 15 | 7–10 y M 8.13 y | Non-specified | Piezo SC-Step pedometer/Piezo SC-Step pedometer + questionnaire | Parent-child total PA: P = 0.597 (−) | Serious |
Jago et al. [49] - 2017 - United Kingdom | Longitudinal | 1223 | 5–6 and 8–9 y M 6 ± 0.4 y M 9 ± 0.4 y | Children and at least one parent | ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer/ ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer | Mother-daughter MVPA: P = 0.29 (+) Mother-son MVPA: P = 0.05 (+) Father-daughter MVPA: P = 0.05 (+) Father-son MVPA: P = 0.31 (+) | Moderate |
Walsh et al. [50] - 2017 - Australia | Cross-sectional | 140 | 20 months-5 y M 20 months M 3.5 y M 5 y | First born child and father | ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer/ The Active Australia Survey | Father-child MVPA: P = 0.02 (−) Father-child LPA: P = 0.181 (−) | Moderate |
Dlugonski et al. [51] - 2017 - USA | Cross-sectional | 17 | 1–5 y M 3.4 ± 1.4 y | Child and mother | ActiGraph GT3x-BT accelerometer/ ActiGraph GT3x-BT accelerometer | Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.78 (+) | Serious |
Barkin et al. [52] - 2017 - USA | Cross-sectional | 1003 | 2–5 y M 3.9 ± 0.9 y | Child and parent | ActiGraph GT3X or GT3X+ accelerometer/ ActiGraph GT3X or GT3X+ accelerometer | Parent-child LPA: P = 0.00 (+) | Moderate |
Hnatiuk et al. [53] - 2017 - Australia | Cross-sectional | 206 | 1–3 y M 2.7 ± 0.85 y | Children and mother | ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer/ ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer | Mother-child total PA: P = 0.17 (+) | Moderate |
Maltby et al. [54] - 2018 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 24 | 2.5–5 y M 3.76 ± 0.89 y | Child and mother | Actical accelerometer/ Actical accelerometer | Mother-child LPA: P = 0.085 (−) Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.105 (+) | Moderate |
Xu et al. [55] - 2018 - China | Cross-sectional | 247 | 5–6 y M 57.5 ± 5.2 months | Child and a legal guardian | ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer/ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer | Mother-child MVPA: P = 0.03 (+) Mother-child total PA: P = 0.20 (+) Father-child MVPA: P = 0.22 (+) Father-child total PA: P = 0.074 (+) | Moderate |
Lee et al. [41] - 2018 - Canada | Cross-sectional | 123 | 1–2 y M 1.6 ± 0.2 y | Children and parents | ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer/The Canadian Health Measures Survey | Parent-child MVPA: P = 0.295 (+) | Moderate |