Sociodemographic variable | Percentage (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | 2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | |
Total (n) | 73.2 (72.8–73.7) | 88.1 (87.7–88.4) | 87.6 (87.3–87.9) | 81.7 (81.3–82.1) | 0.078** |  |  |  |  |  |
Sex | ||||||||||
 Male | 73.7 (73.1–74.4) | 89.2 (88.7–89.6) | 89.6 (89.2–90.0) | 83.6 (83.1–84.0) | 0.024** | Ref | ||||
 Female | 72.7 (72.1–73.3) | 87.0 (86.5–87. 5) | 85.6 (85.2–86.1) | 79.9 (79.4–80.4) | 0.151** | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | 0.269* |
Age | ||||||||||
 18–29 | 67.9 (67.1–68.7) | 85.0 (84.4–85.6) | 83.9 (83.2–84.5) | 77.5 (76.8–78.2) | 0.127** | Ref | ||||
 30–39 | 73.4 (72.6–74.3) | 88.4 (87.8–89.1) | 86.7 (86.1–87.3) | 80.2 (79.5–81.0) | 0.171** | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.811* |
 40–49 | 77.3 (76.4–78.2) | 91.0 (90.4–91.6) | 90.6 (90.1–91.2) | 84.3 (83.7–85.0) | 0.054** | 1.36 (1.26–1.47) | 1.38 (1.25–1.54) | 1.70 (1.55–1.86) | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | 0.818* |
 50–59 | 79.5 (78.4–80.5) | 89.7 (88.9–90.5) | 90.4 (89.8–91.0) | 85.5 (84.8–86.1) | 0.005** | 1.48 (1.36–1.62) | 1.23 (1.10–1.39) | 1.71 (1.55–1.89) | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | 0.887* |
Household area | ||||||||||
 Urban | 57.6 (56.8–58.5) | 81.2 (80.5–81.8) | 82.4 (81.8–83.0) | 77.3 (76.7–77.8) | 0.034** | Ref | ||||
 Rural | 80.8 (80.3–81.3) | 91.6 (91.3–92.0) | 90.0 (89.7–90.3) | 85.6 (85.2–86.1) | 0.237** | 1.95 (1.84–2.07) | 1.45 (1.33–1.57) | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | 1.19 (1.12–1.26) | 0.042* |
Region | ||||||||||
 Bangkok | 49.9 (48.4–51.3) | 73.0 (71.7–74.2) | 73.3 (72.1–74.6) | 67.7 (66.6–68.8) | 0.069** | Ref | ||||
 Central | 67.5 (66.6–68.5) | 86.7 (86.0–87.4) | 84.0 (83.3–84.7) | 78.6 (77.9–79.3) | 0.278** | 1.21 (1.11–1.31) | 1.80 (1.62–1.99) | 1.76 (1.61–1.94) | 1.58 (1.47–1.70) | 0.497* |
 North | 78.7 (77.8–79.7) | 93.1 (92.5–93.7) | 92.7 (92.2–93.3) | 89.3 (88.6–90.0) | 0.107** | 1.82 (1.66–1.99) | 3.54 (3.11–4.03) | 4.12 (3.66–4.64) | 3.46 (3.14–3.81) | 0.025** |
 North-East | 82.0 (81.3–82.7) | 91.7 (91.2–92.2) | 90.7 (90.3–91.2) | 85.9 (85.3–86.5) | 0.122** | 2.21 (2.02–2.41) | 2.73 (2.44–3.06) | 3.20 (2.88–3.55) | 2.48 (2.29–2.70) | 0.708* |
 South | 74.9 (73.6–76.1) | 90.9 (90.0–91.7) | 90.3 (89.6–91.0) | 87.3 (86.5–88.2) | 0.140** | 1.49 (1.35–1.65) | 2.49 (2.17–2.87) | 2.92 (2.59–3.30) | 2.77 (2.51–3.06) | 0.080* |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Never married | 65.4 (64.5–66.4) | 82.6 (81.8–83.4) | 82.7 (82.0–83.4) | 76.9 (76.1–77.6) | 0.056** | Ref | ||||
 Married | 76.0 (75.4–76.5) | 90.4 (89.7–90.4) | 89.2 (88.8–89.5) | 83.7 (83.3–84.1) | 0.119** | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) | 1.22 (1.13–1.31) | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | 0.664* |
 Formerly married | 73.1 (71.3–75.0) | 86.9 (85.8–88.3) | 87.5 (86.3–88.6) | 82.5 (81.2–83.7) | 0.024** | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 0.477* |
Religion | ||||||||||
 Buddhist | 72.9 (72.5–73.4) | 88.0 (87.6–88.3) | 87.4 (87.1–87.7) | 81.5 (81.1–81.8) | 0.082** | Ref | ||||
 Non-Buddhist | 78.8 (77.0–80.7) | 90.4 (89.0–91.7) | 90.7 (89.5–91.9) | 86.3 (84.9–87. 8) | 0.020** | 1.44 (1.27–1.63) | 1.2 (1.01–1.45) | 1.49 (1.28–1.75) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 0.831* |
Employment status | ||||||||||
 Employed | 74.8 (74.3–75.3) | 90.5 (90.2–90.8) | 89.1 (88.8–89.4) | 83.3 (82.9–83.7) | 0.168** | Ref | ||||
 Unemployed | 65.6 (64.5–66.8) | 76.6 (75.6–77.6) | 80.1 (79.3–81.0) | 75.0 (74.1–75.9) | <  0.001** | 0.74 (0.69–0.78) | 0.41 (0.38–0.44) | 0.59 (0.55–0.63) | 0.63 (0.59–0.66) | 0.947* |
Highest education level | ||||||||||
 None | 79.9 (77.6–82.2) | 84.4 (82.4–86.5) | 84.6 (83.1–86.2) | 78.6 (77.4–79.8) | <  0.001** | Ref | ||||
 Primary | 80.7 (80.2–81.2) | 91.0 (90.6–91.4) | 89.9 (89.5–90.3) | 86.6 (86.1–87.1) | 0.707* | 1.06 (0.91–1.22) | 1.67 (1.40–1.99) | 1.39 (1.22–1.59) | 1.54 (1.41–1.68) | 0.460* |
 Secondary | 63.2 (62.2–64.1) | 84.5 (83.8–85.2) | 86.4 (85.8–86.9) | 80.3 (79.6–80.9) | 0.009** | 0.62 (0.53–0.72) | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | 1.42 (1.24–1.62) | 1.21 (1.12–1.32) | 0.113** |
 Higher education | 53.7 (52.1–55.2) | 84.5 (83.5–85.6) | 83.7 (82.9–84.5) | 77.6 (76.8–78.3) | 0.125** | 0.44 (0.38–0.52) | 1.43 (1.18–1.72) | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | 1.27 (1.16–1.39) | 0.122** |
 Unspecified | 56.1 (45.3–66.8) | 89.1 (83.6–94.6) | 87.5 (81.5–93.6) | 76.9 (71.6–82.2) | 0.085** | 0.51 (0.32–0.82) | 2.87 (1.62–5.49) | 1.46 (0.84–2.71) | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.558** |