Characteristics | Quintiles of energy-adjusted ultra-processed food consumption, range (mean), servings/day | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5–< 1.1 (0.8) | 1.1–< 2.1 (1.6) | 2.1–≤4.0 (3.0) | > 4.0 (8.2) | Ptrend | |
No. of participants | 18,378 | 18,378 | 18,379 | 18,377 | 18,379 | |
Age (years) | 66.3 ± 5.7 | 66.1 ± 5.7 | 65.6 ± 5.7 | 64.9 ± 5.6 | 63.7 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
Male | 5976 (32.5) | 7396 (40.2) | 9058 (49.3) | 9592 (52.2) | 10,521 (57.2) | < 0.001 |
Married | 13,488 (73.4) | 14,489 (78.8) | 14,833 (80.7) | 14,829 (80.7) | 14,507 (78.9) | < 0.001 |
History of diabetes | 836 (4.5) | 842 (4.6) | 882 (4.8) | 1071 (5.8) | 1693 (9.2) | < 0.001 |
History of hypertension | 5066 (27.6) | 5433 (29.6) | 5451 (29.7) | 5723 (31.1) | 6266 (34.1) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 13.7 ± 38.5 | 8.6 ± 19.7 | 8.5 ± 18.8 | 8.4 ± 18.8 | 8.6 ± 24.1 | < 0.001 |
Energy intake from diet (kcal/day) | 1440.6 ± 646.6 | 1516.5 ± 555.6 | 1722.0 ± 628.5 | 1880.6 ± 724.4 | 2123.0 ± 868.9 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity (min/week) a | 133.2 ± 127.6 | 124.3 ± 121.7 | 123.2 ± 120.7 | 122.5 ± 123.0 | 123.6 ± 127.4 | < 0.001 |
Healthy Eating Index-2005 | 63.9 ± 11.7 | 61.4 ± 10.6 | 59.5 ± 10.5 | 58.5 ± 10.5 | 56.7 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
Race | ||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 15,991 (87.0) | 16,925 (92.1) | 16,910 (92.0) | 16,907 (92.0) | 16,815 (91.5) | < 0.001 |
Non-Hispanic black | 449 (2.4) | 425 (2.3) | 559 (3.0) | 711 (3.9) | 837 (4.6) | |
Hispanic | 322 (1.8) | 240 (1.3) | 252 (1.4) | 270 (1.5) | 276 (1.5) | |
Others b | 1616 (8.8) | 788 (4.3) | 658 (3.6) | 489 (2.7) | 451 (2.5) | |
Educational level | ||||||
College below | 10,870 (59.1) | 11,391 (62.0) | 11,701 (63.7) | 11,913 (64.8) | 12,265 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
College graduate | 3573 (19.4) | 3437 (18.7) | 3235 (17.6) | 3154 (17.2) | 2968 (16.1) | |
Postgraduate | 3935 (21.4) | 3550 (19.3) | 3443 (18.7) | 3310 (18.0) | 3146 (17.1) | |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current | 1432 (7.8) | 1572 (8.6) | 1617 (8.8) | 1691 (9.2) | 2099 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
Former | 7614 (41.4) | 7484 (40.7) | 7563 (41.2) | 7679 (41.8) | 8039 (43.7) | |
Never | 9332 (50.8) | 9322 (50.7) | 9199 (50.1) | 9007 (49.0) | 8241 (44.8) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
< 18.5 | 243 (1.3) | 134 (0.7) | 80 (0.4) | 84 (0.5) | 77 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
18.5–24.9 | 8650 (47.7) | 6981 (38.5) | 6053 (33.4) | 5365 (29.5) | 4193 (23.2) | |
25.0–30.0 | 6570 (36.2) | 7591 (41.8) | 8100 (44.6) | 8205 (45.2) | 7921 (43.8) | |
> 30 | 2671 (14.7) | 3439 (19.0) | 3910 (21.6) | 4503 (24.8) | 5910 (32.7) | |
Food consumption | ||||||
Red meat (g/day) | 37.4 ± 34.1 | 50.0 ± 37.0 | 62.5 ± 46.2 | 71.3 ± 55.2 | 85.2 ± 67.5 | < 0.001 |
Fruit (g/day) | 307.1 ± 248.4 | 263.6 ± 191.9 | 261.2 ± 190.4 | 268.2 ± 201.1 | 268.1 ± 241.0 | < 0.001 |
Vegetable (g/day) | 288.9 ± 211.1 | 264.7 ± 167.8 | 275.2 ± 168.0 | 287.8 ± 178.6 | 300.1 ± 195.4 | < 0.001 |
Dietary fiber (g/day) | 17.8 ± 9.4 | 16.6 ± 7.6 | 17.7 ± 7.8 | 18.6 ± 8.2 | 19.3 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 |
Whole grain (servings/day) | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
Dairy (cups/day) | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Nutrient intake | ||||||
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 154.9 ± 108.2 | 181.3 ± 105.1 | 211.8 ± 122.3 | 232.8 ± 137.3 | 263.8 ± 162.0 | < 0.001 |
Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 14.0 ± 8.1 | 17.0 ± 8.4 | 20.4 ± 10.2 | 22.7 ± 12.3 | 25.9 ± 14.4 | < 0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 11.1 ± 6.3 | 12.4 ± 6.0 | 14.3 ± 6.9 | 15.6 ± 7.8 | 17.2 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 187.5 ± 79.9 | 193.7 ± 70.6 | 216.3 ± 76.2 | 236.6 ± 86.3 | 269.6 ± 111.4 | < 0.001 |
Fat (g/day) | 46.0 ± 24.4 | 53.8 ± 24.5 | 63.7 ± 29.4 | 70.3 ± 34.9 | 79.4 ± 41.0 | < 0.001 |
Protein (g/day) | 56.2 ± 25.4 | 59.2 ± 24.0 | 66.4 ± 27.3 | 71.7 ± 31.2 | 79.0 ± 36.0 | < 0.001 |
Added sugar (tsp/day) | 7.1 ± 4.0 | 9.2 ± 4.4 | 11.7 ± 5.6 | 14.2 ± 7.3 | 19.9 ± 14.1 | < 0.001 |
Sodium (mg/day) | 2171.7 ± 934.5 | 2404.5 ± 919.2 | 2735.1 ± 1058.3 | 2980.1 ± 1237.3 | 3318.3 ± 1457.8 | < 0.001 |
Magnesium (mg/day) | 311.1 ± 134.3 | 299.4 ± 113.0 | 319.1 ± 118.8 | 332.9 ± 128.0 | 348.4 ± 138.8 | < 0.001 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 3102.0 ± 1260.0 | 3038.1 ± 1110.3 | 3228.2 ± 1163.6 | 3365.9 ± 1261.7 | 3490.7 ± 1411.7 | < 0.001 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 688.8 ± 410.3 | 686.2 ± 368.2 | 741.0 ± 380.5 | 783.3 ± 398.7 | 847.9 ± 444.4 | < 0.001 |