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Table 4 Age-dependent digital media use trajectories by country of residence and risk of developing metabolic syndrome a

From: Media use trajectories and risk of metabolic syndrome in European children and adolescents: the IDEFICS/I.Family cohort

Metabolic outcome b

DM use

Italy

Estonia

Cyprus

Belgium

Sweden

Germany

Hungary

Spain

 

Mean intercept (h/day)

2.0258

2.3790

2.1022

1.7932

2.0210

1.6706

1.7521

1.5931

 

Mean slope (h/day/year)

0.1144

0.1785

0.1583

0.1483

0.1746

0.1493

0.1298

0.1012

  

Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)

Abdominal obesity

Slope c

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

1.21 (0.86-1.70)

1.03 (0.75–1.41)

0.74 (0.46–1.20)

1.69 (1.05–3.23)

0.93 (0.63–1.36)

1.31 (0.90–1.92)

0.99 (0.67–1.46)

Intercept

1.28 (0.96–1.69)

1.62 (1.17–2.23)

1.53 (1.11–2.09)

2.07 (1.21–3.54)

1.84 (1.05–3.23)

1.78 (1.24–2.57)

1.13 (0.75–1.73)

2.11 (1.32–2.38)

Elevated BP d

Slope

1.28 (0.94–1.74)

0.98 (0.68–1.41)

1.12 (0.73–1.70)

1.87 (1.16–3.02)

0.68 (0.40–1.18)

0.79 (0.47–1.32)

1.17 (0.84–1.64)

0.71 (0.49–1.03)

Intercept

0.96 (0.72–1.28)

1.28 (0.90–1.81)

1.24 (0.83–1.85)

1.66 (0.99–2.80)

1.04 (0.52–2.07)

0.86 (0.50–1.47)

1.05 (0.73–1.50)

0.88 (0.55–1.41)

Dyslipidemia

Slope

0.96 (0.67–1.17)

1.00 (0.63–1.58)

1.66 (1.05–2.63)

0.61 (0.18–2.04)

1.19 (0.73–1.94)

0.86 (0.50–1.50)

0.86 (0.56–1.30)

0.77 (0.45–1.30)

Intercept

1.10 (0.80–1.52)

1.46 (0.94–2.28)

1.09 (0.69–1.73)

2.37 (0.52–10.8)

1.72 (0.92–3.19)

1.37 (0.80–2.33)

1.30 (0.83–2.03)

1.37 (0.75–2.52)

Insulin resistance

Slope

0.86 (0.61–1.22)

1.36 (0.92–2.01)

1.45 (0.96–2.16)

0.73 (0.40–1.36)

0.94 (0.63–1.40)

1.05 (0.63–1.75)

0.81 (0.53–1.22)

0.98 (0.64–1.50)

Intercept

0.84 (0.60–1.17)

1.42 (0.97–2.08)

1.20 (0.80–1.80)

1.51 (0.72–3.15)

1.87 (1.12–3.12)

1.58 (0.95–2.62)

1.12 (0.70–1.77)

0.73 (0.43–1.24)

MetS

Slope

0.99 (0.66–1.49)

1.69 (0.87–3.23)

2.66 (1.38–5.14)

2.08 ( 0.37–11.58)

1.29 (0.54–3.08)

0.82 (0.25–2.66)

1.34 (0.74–2.41)

0.91 (0.48–1.73)

Intercept

0.95 (0.66–1.38)

1.78 (0.97–3.24)

1.66 (0.94–2.83)

1.14 (0.14–8.86)

2.78 (1.04–7.41)

4.35 (1.68–11.29)

2.38 (1.33–4.25)

1.57 (0.76–3.25)

  1. a Models are adjusted for age (continuous) sex, pubertal status, parental ISCED, HDAS, unhealthy snack intake, observation period and abdominal obesity (when not part of the outcome). The number of participants varied across countries due to missing values for different metabolic outcomes. Bold significance is provided via confidence limits
  2. b The reference category for the metabolic outcomes is below the monitoring level
  3. c Slope was used as a categorical variable (above vs. below population mean random slope)
  4. d BP blood pressure, DM digital media, MetS metabolic syndrome